scholarly journals Concentration modeling of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from cigarette consumption in atmosphere of Isfahan, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽  
Ali Mohammad Amani ◽  
Zeinab Eskandari ◽  
Reza Sanaye
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Pollutants Dispersion

Introduction: Although many studies on Isfahan’s air pollution have been done, there is no report about the effects of cigarette consumption in Isfahan. The aims of this study were (a) to find the amount of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emitted by cigarette consumption in Isfahan; and (b) to model the distribution of such pollutants in Isfahan’s atmosphere. Materials and methods: Based on the literature, it is assumed that 15% of Isfahan’s people consume cigarettes and each smoker on average smokes 1,147 cigarettes per year. Based on these assumptions, the 249,000 smokers living in Isfahan consume 285,000,000 cigarettes per year. The amount of pollutant emissions was calculated by existing emission factors for cigarette consumption. Finally, the distribution of the emitted pollutants from cigarette consumption in Isfahan’s atmosphere was modeled using AERMOD. Results: The results illustrated that each year, 2.85 kg nitrogen oxides, 2.85 kg hydrocarbons, 37.05 kg carbon monoxide and 142.5 kg carbon dioxide are emitted into Isfahan’s atmosphere from residents’ smoking. The modeling of pollutants’ dispersion in Isfahan’s atmosphere showed that only some of these pollutants result from cigarette consumption. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the amount of pollutants emitted by cigarette consumption was negligible compared to the other pollutant sources in Isfahan.

scholarly journals Correlational investigation of air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of motor vehicle in various dynamic conditions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Velocity

<p>Air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are highly susceptible to the conditions of engine operation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between the emissions of individual pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), the fuel consumption and various dynamic conditions of the operation of an engine. The empirical data was obtained by testing of passenger car with a spark-ignition engine on a chassis dynamometer in 12 various driving tests, both type-approval and special. The results indicate, that the strongest correlation exists between the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons and between the fuel consumption and the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The weakest correlation was found to be between the emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The average value of vehicle velocity proved to be suitable zero-dimensional characteristic of the dynamic driving conditions. The correlation between the emission of hydrocarbons and the average vehicle velocity can be assessed as the strongest, while between the emission of nitrogen oxides and the average vehicle velocity – the weakest.</p>

scholarly journals Preparing emission factors of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons and nitrogen oxides for cigarette

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirreza Talaiekhozani ◽  
Ali Mohammad Amani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons

Introduction: Thousandths dangerous chemicals are found in cigarette smoke. Each day millions cigarettes are consumed and its smoke is emitted in the atmosphere. Although several studies have been carried out on ciga-rette smoke, there is no reliable emission factor for pollutants emitted from burning cigarette. The aim of this study is to prepare four emission factors to estimate amount of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides per each cigarette.   Materials and methods: In this study a set of experiments was designed to achieve this aim. Different brands of cigarettes were prepared and then they was burned by a vacuum pump. Their cigarettes smoke was analyzed by a gas analyzer to find the concentration of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the cigarettes smoke. Next, the average emission factor for complete burning of a cigarette was calculated.   Results: High amount of pollutants could be found in cigarette smoke. The results revealed that 0.01 mg of hydrocarbons, 0.13 mg of carbon monoxide, 0.5 mg of carbon dioxide and 0.01 mg of nitrogen oxides are emitted during complete burning of each cigarette.   Conclusion: If the number of consumed cigarettes was available, these emis-sion factors can be used to understand the share of cigarette smoke in air pol-lution of large cities to understand whether cigarette consumption is effective on air pollution.

The oxidation of gaseous glyoxal

1965 ◽  
Vol 288 (1412) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Glyoxalic Acid ◽  
Induced Decomposition ◽  
Two Stages

The oxidation of gaseous glyoxal has been studied at temperatures between 290 and 370 °C both manometrically and by detailed product analysis. The reaction has been shown to occur in two stages; in the first, glyoxal reacts to give mainly carbon monoxide and glyoxalic acid and in the second, glyoxalic acid is subject to further oxidation to oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide and water. Of the two previous investigations of the reaction, that of Steacie, Hatcher & Horwood (1935 a ) has been shown to have been concerned with the first stage and in the other (Newitt, Baxt & Kelkar 1939), carried out at ignition temperatures, the reaction proceeded through both stages. The oxidation is accompanied by an oxygen induced decomposition and a mechanism similar to that proposed by one of us (Axford & Norrish 1948) for the oxidation of formaldehyde, involving OH, CHO and HO 2 radicals has been developed and shown to account satisfactorily for the observed facts.

scholarly journals Pollutant emission in the air of Mogilev region

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stationary Sources ◽  
Emission Density

The purpose of this article is to highlight and analysis of trends in total emissions of polluting substances in atmospheric air of Mogilev region. The main material. A brief overview of Belarusian scientistsʹ research in the fi eld of geoecological conditions of atmospheric air is given in the article. The article deals with pollutants accumulation in the air of Mogilev region from various sources. Mobile sources (64.1% in 2015) are mainly responsible for air pollution in the region. In 2015 in comparison with 2010 there was a decrease in pollutant emissions as a result of transport functioning. Sources of pollutants accumulating in the air are exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, crankcase gases and fuel evaporation from fuel systems. Automobiles dominate in the structure of vehicles (85.3% in 2015). The article considers dynamics of pollutant emissions from stationary sources. The majority of pollutants are found in the air because of technological processes. Hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide prevail in the structure of emissions of these sources. Chemical industry enterprises (Mogilev chemical fiber, Mogilev artificial fiber plant, etc.) are the sources of air pollution. Substances of the 4th and 3d danger classes predominate in the structure of pollutants in Mogilev region. Substances of the 1st and 2nd danger classes are insignificant. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research uneven territorial distribution of emission density of the main pollutants in the air of Mogilev region has been established. Kostiukovich and Krichevsk districts are characterized by high level of emission density of suspended substances, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide in the air from stationary sources. Cherikov district is characterized by a low level of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide emissions per unit area. 71.4% of the administrative districts of Mogilev region are characterized by an average density level of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources in relation to the average regional level, 14.3% of districts by lower level, 4.8% by low level and 9.5% by high level. It is advisable to improve the production technology, to equip enterprises with new gas cleaning facilities in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment.

scholarly journals Analysis of Variations in Air Pollution Fields in Selected Cities in Poland and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cichowicz ◽  
Grzegorz Wielgosiński
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Monitoring Stations

Abstract Variations in immission fields resulting from emissions and pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere were investigated. The analysis was based on data from the four-year period covering the years 2012-2015, collected in two automatic atmospheric air monitoring stations, one located in Germany in Magdeburg which is the capital of Saxony-Anhalt and the other in Poland in Lodz, i.e. the seat of Lodz Region authorities. Selected immission monitoring stations in both cities are located in the areas with similar urban development and are characterized by high levels of pedestrian and car traffic. In both measuring stations the following atmospheric air pollutants were measured: PM10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and ozone (carbon monoxide was analyzed only for the station located in Lodz). On the basis of the measured data the periodic exceedance of air pollution limit values measured at both monitoring stations were observed, as well as the levels of particular pollutants and changes in immission fields were analyzed. It seems that this information may be useful not only to the competent authorities of the country but also to the users of these areas.

scholarly journals Correlation between Air Quality and Wastewater Pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karzan Mohammed Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Environmental Technology ◽  
Wastewater Pollution ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Living Organisms

Recently, air pollution is a universal problematic concern which adversely affects global warming and more importantly human body systems. This chapter focuses on the importance of air quality, and indicates the negative effects of emissions originated from both municipal and industrial wastewaters to atmosphere. More importantly, the improvements in wastewater treatment plants to eliminate the crisis of emissions on environment and human health is also clarified. Urbanization and distribution of industrials in urban areas influence the air pollution via releasing pollutants and contaminants to environment. The pollutant emissions from wastewaters are volatile organic compounds, Greenhouse gases and other inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) which are causes to many reactions through atmosphere, then products detriment whole environment and living organisms including human. Moreover, contaminants are also released into air from influents of municipal wastewaters and they are considered as the main resources of most threatened infections in human and other animals. As conclusion, because of the persistently development urbanization and industrialization as the wastewater pollutant sources, the environmental technology regarding wastewater treatments must depend on prevention of emissions to air before thinking on cost and good quality effluents.

Analysis of Emissions from Selected Wood Charcoal Species Combustion

2014 ◽  
Vol 568-570 ◽  
pp. 1645-1648
Author(s):  
Vojtech Dirner ◽  
Albin Dobeš ◽  
Alexander Király
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

This study quantified selected emissions (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) that are produced during combustion of beech wood, birch wood and spruce wood charcoal in the combustion tube furnace. The maximum concentration of carbon monoxide and also the nitrogen oxides have been measured in the case of the spruce wood charcoal. The minimum concentration of carbon monoxide and also nitrogen oxides have been measured in the case of the beech wood charcoal. Although the difference between maximum emissions concentration of examined samples has been smooth. The comparison of obtained results with data published by previous studies can be made a suggestion, that the maximum concentrations of measured emissions are higher for wood than for charcoal. The nitrogen oxides yield per weight loss is higher for wood than for charcoal. On the other hand the carbon monoxide yield is higher for charcoal than for wood.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TERNARY FUEL BLENDS ON AN ASTM-CFR-CETANE ENGINE

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
H. L. Rocha ◽  
N. R. Pinto ◽  
M. J. Colaço ◽  
A. J. K. Leiroz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
The Impact

This work analyses how ternary blends of biodiesel, anhydrous and hydrous ethanol, and diesel, in different proportions, behave regarding fuel emissions and combustion parameters. The determination of their cetane number, using an ASTM-CFR cetane research engine is also investigated. The base fuels used were 99,9% pure anhydrous ethanol, commercial diesel, which contains 5% of biodiesel in volume, biodiesel from soybean oil, and hydrous ethanol with 7% of water, in volume. The fuel blends werespecified after a careful bibliography research. Five volume fractions of biodiesel (5, 10, 20, 60 and 100%, in volume) and four of ethanol (0, 5, 8 and 15%, also in volume) were used in this study. All blends have endured a mixture stability test prior to being burned, the ones with clear visual phase separation being eventually rejected. The results for the cetane number presented a clear decrease in its value as ethanol was added. Some blends with high ethanol content failed to provide the minimum cetane number for use in compression ignition engines according to the present Brazilian regulations. Concerning the emissions tests, carbon dioxide emissions showed a decreasing trend as the quantity of added ethanol raised. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, showed the opposite trend. The nitrogen oxides emissions presented an increase as more biodiesel was added to the blend. The conclusions as to the impact of changing ethanol’s volume in the blends were discussed taking in consideration important operational remarks. A final analysis was proposed in order to compare anhydrous and hydrous ethanol. A clear reduction in nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions was observed, with an almost identical value for the carbon monoxide emissions. Cetane number for the hydrous ethanol blend, however, suffered a decrease compared to the same blend with anhydrous ethanol.

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