Roles of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD), known to be a leading cause of dementia that causes heavy social and financial burdens worldwide, characterized by progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connectivity after depositions of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein.AD manifests as an impaired ability to comprehend or use words, poor coordination and gait, and impaired executive functions in the realms of planning, ordering and making judgments. Generally, classification of AD includes familial and sporadic AD. Current therapies for AD patients can only alleviate symptoms, but cannot deter the neural degeneration, thus providing no long-term recovery. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have a potential to produce many different cell types in the body. A vast amount of data indicates the potential of stem cell therapy for various neurological diseases. Several studies revealed that neurons and glial cells have successfully been differentiated from various stem cells. Thus, in this article, we review the treatment of Alzheimer\ disease by various types of stem cells.

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A REPORT ON STEM CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

10.36106/ijar/2010867 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Shantha A R

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Stem Cell Therapy ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Undifferentiated Cells ◽

The Cost

Stem cells are the building blocks of life. They have remarkable potential to regenerate and develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They are also a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to be differentiated into specialized cells types. Stem cells are characterized by certain features such as totipotency, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotent and unipotency. The history of stem cell research had an embryonic beginning in the mid 1800s with the discovery that few cells could generate other cells. In the 1900s the first stem cells were discovered when it was found that cells generate blood cells. Nowadays, stem cell therapy is under research and till now, a very few stem cell therapies have been regarded as safe and successful. It is also found that stem cell therapy cast a number of side effects too. The cost of the procedure too is expensive and is not easily affordable.

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Infertility cell therapy and epigenetic insights

Human Antibodies ◽

10.3233/hab-200438 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Nahal Eshghifar ◽

Behnam Kamali Dehghan ◽

Atieh Abedin Do ◽

Saeideh Zamani Koukhaloo ◽

Mohsen Habibi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Adult Life ◽

Cell Types ◽

Reproductive Technology ◽

Interaction Patterns ◽

Undifferentiated Cells ◽

Epigenetic Patterns ◽

Different Cell Types ◽

Epigenetic Processes

Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have allowed couples with severe infertility to conceive, but the methods are not effective for all cases. Stem cells as undifferentiated cells which are found in different stages of embryonic, fetal and adult life are known to be capable of forming different cell types, tissues, and organs. Due to their unlimited resources and the incredible power of differentiation are considered as potential new therapeutic biological tools for treatment of infertility. For reproductive medicine, stem cells are stimulated in vitro to develop various specialized functional cells including male and female gametes. The epigenetic patterns can be modified in the genome under certain drugs exposure or lifestyle alterations. Therefore, epigenetics-related disorders may be treated if the nature of the modifications is completely admissible. It is proved that our understanding of epigenetic processes and its association with infertility would help us not only to understand the etiological factors but also to treat some type of male infertilities. Exploration of both genetic and epigenetic variations in the disease development could help in the identification of the interaction patterns between these two phenomena and possible improvement of therapeutic methods.

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Stem Cells: In Sickness and in Health

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x15999200831160710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hisham F. Bahmada ◽

Mohamad K. Elajami ◽

Reem Daouk ◽

Hiba Jalloul ◽

Batoul Darwish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Therapy Resistance ◽

The Body ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Undifferentiated Cells ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Induced Pluripotent

: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to proliferate and convert to different types of differentiated cells that make up the various tissues and organs in the body. They exist both in embryos as pluripotent stem cells that can differentiate into the three germ layers and as multipotent or unipotent stem cells in adult tissues to aid in repair and homeostasis. Perturbations in these cells’ normal functions can give rise to a wide variety of diseases. In this review, we discuss the origin of different stem cell types, their properties and characteristics, their role in tissue homeostasis, current research, and their potential applications in various life-threatening diseases. We focus on neural stem cells, their role in neurogenesis and how they can be exploited to treat diseases of the brain including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Next, we explore current research in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) techniques and their clinical applications in regenerative and personalized medicine. Lastly, we tackle a special type of stem cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) and how they can be responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence and explore ways to target them.

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MicroRNAs and Stem-like Properties: The Complex Regulation Underlying Stemness Maintenance and Cancer Development

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11081074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1074

Author(s):

Giuseppina Divisato ◽

Silvia Piscitelli ◽

Mariantonietta Elia ◽

Emanuela Cascone ◽

Silvia Parisi

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cancer Development ◽

Special Focus ◽

Self Renewal ◽

Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Different Cell Types

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the extraordinary properties to indefinitely proliferate and self-renew in culture to produce different cell progeny through differentiation. This latter process recapitulates embryonic development and requires rounds of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is characterized by the loss of the epithelial features and the acquisition of the typical phenotype of the mesenchymal cells. In pathological conditions, EMT can confer stemness or stem-like phenotypes, playing a role in the tumorigenic process. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a subpopulation, found in the tumor tissues, with stem-like properties such as uncontrolled proliferation, self-renewal, and ability to differentiate into different cell types. ESCs and CSCs share numerous features (pluripotency, self-renewal, expression of stemness genes, and acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal features), and most of them are under the control of microRNAs (miRNAs). These small molecules have relevant roles during both embryogenesis and cancer development. The aim of this review was to recapitulate molecular mechanisms shared by ESCs and CSCs, with a special focus on the recently identified classes of microRNAs (noncanonical miRNAs, mirtrons, isomiRs, and competitive endogenous miRNAs) and their complex functions during embryogenesis and cancer development.

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Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02625-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Liu ◽

Adam Vanarsdall ◽

Dong-Hua Chen ◽

Andrea Chin ◽

David Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Defects ◽

Adult Population ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽

Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽

Factor Receptor Alpha ◽

Complex Protein ◽

Different Cell Types

HCMV is a herpesvirus that infects a large percentage of the adult population and causes significant levels of disease in immunocompromised individuals and birth defects in the developing fetus. The virus encodes a complex protein machinery that coordinates infection of different cell types in the body, including a trimer formed of gH, gL, and gO subunits.

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Modulating cell state to enhance suspension expansion of human pluripotent stem cells

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1714099115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (25) ◽

pp. 6369-6374 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yonatan Y. Lipsitz ◽

Curtis Woodford ◽

Ting Yin ◽

Jacob H. Hanna ◽

Peter W. Zandstra

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cell Types ◽

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

The Body ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Pancreatic Progenitors ◽

Erk Inhibition

The development of cell-based therapies to replace missing or damaged tissues within the body or generate cells with a unique biological activity requires a reliable and accessible source of cells. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have emerged as a strong candidate cell source capable of extended propagation in vitro and differentiation to clinically relevant cell types. However, the application of hPSC in cell-based therapies requires overcoming yield limitations in large-scale hPSC manufacturing. We explored methods to convert hPSC to alternative states of pluripotency with advantageous bioprocessing properties, identifying a suspension-based small-molecule and cytokine combination that supports increased single-cell survival efficiency, faster growth rates, higher densities, and greater expansion than control hPSC cultures. ERK inhibition was found to be essential for conversion to this altered state, but once converted, ERK inhibition led to a loss of pluripotent phenotype in suspension. The resulting suspension medium formulation enabled hPSC suspension yields 5.7 ± 0.2-fold greater than conventional hPSC in 6 d, for at least five passages. Treated cells remained pluripotent, karyotypically normal, and capable of differentiating into all germ layers. Treated cells could also be integrated into directed differentiated strategies as demonstrated by the generation of pancreatic progenitors (NKX6.1+/PDX1+ cells). Enhanced suspension-yield hPSC displayed higher oxidative metabolism and altered expression of adhesion-related genes. The enhanced bioprocess properties of this alternative pluripotent state provide a strategy to overcome cell manufacturing limitations of hPSC.

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Infection and immunity

Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences ◽

10.1093/med/9780198789895.003.0012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 853-920

Keyword(s):

Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Immune System ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Repair Mechanisms ◽

Antigen Presenting ◽

Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

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Functions of p53 in pluripotent stem cells

Protein & Cell ◽

10.1007/s13238-019-00665-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 71-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Xuemei Fu ◽

Shouhai Wu ◽

Bo Li ◽

Yang Xu ◽

Jingfeng Liu

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Genomic Stability ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Great Promise ◽

Primary Role ◽

Cycle Arrest ◽

Clinical Potential

Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are capable of unlimited self-renewal in culture and differentiation into all functional cell types in the body, and thus hold great promise for regenerative medicine. To achieve their clinical potential, it is critical for PSCs to maintain genomic stability during the extended proliferation. The critical tumor suppressor p53 is required to maintain genomic stability of mammalian cells. In response to DNA damage or oncogenic stress, p53 plays multiple roles in maintaining genomic stability of somatic cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence to prevent the passage of genetic mutations to the daughter cells. p53 is also required to maintain the genomic stability of PSCs. However, in response to the genotoxic stresses, a primary role of p53 in PSCs is to induce the differentiation of PSCs and inhibit pluripotency, providing mechanisms to maintain the genomic stability of the self-renewing PSCs. In addition, the roles of p53 in cellular metabolism might also contribute to genomic stability of PSCs by limiting oxidative stress. In summary, the elucidation of the roles of p53 in PSCs will be a prerequisite for developing safe PSC-based cell therapy.

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Biological Characteristics and Multilineage Differentiation of Kidney Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Tibetan Mastiff

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2019.2093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 904-913

Author(s):

Bing Yan ◽

Ruining Liang ◽

Meng Ji ◽

Qi-Qige Wuyun ◽

Weijun Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Cell Types ◽

Immunofluorescence Staining ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Different Cell Types

Of all the significant researches that have taken place in isolation, culture and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the field of kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells (KMSCs) in Tibetan mastiff is still a blank. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate, culture and characterize the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs. The KMSCs were successfully isolated from one-day year old Tibetan mastiff kidney, cultured for 16 passages and distinguished by two methods: immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. The Tibetan mastiff KMSCs expressed specific surface marker genes (VIM, CD44, FN1, CD90, CD109, CD73, FN1) and kidney marker gene PAX2. The proliferation ability of Tibetan mastiff KMSCs was measured through cell count and clonality. Furthermore, cells differentiated into different cell types (hepatocellular cells, osteogenic cells, adipogenic cells and chondrogenic cells) under special induced medium, and the marker genes of induced cells were identified with Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR. All of these results indicated that the Tibetan mastiff KMSCs were obtained successfully, which possessed certain characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Therefore, MSCs in Tibetan mastiff kidney hold potential for clinical applications for regenerative therapy and their further studies are waiting to be required to investigate their functions.

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Cell therapies for traumatic brain injury

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e17 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. E18 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Matthew T. Harting ◽

James E. Baumgartner ◽

Laura L. Worth ◽

Linda Ewing-Cobbs ◽

Adrian P. Gee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Current Status ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Current Therapies

Preliminary discoveries of the efficacy of cell therapy are currently being translated to clinical trials. Whereas a significant amount of work has been focused on cell therapy applications for a wide array of diseases, including cardiac disease, bone disease, hepatic disease, and cancer, there continues to be extraordinary anticipation that stem cells will advance the current therapeutic regimen for acute neurological disease. Traumatic brain injury is a devastating event for which current therapies are limited. In this report the authors discuss the current status of using adult stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury, including the basic cell types and potential mechanisms of action, preclinical data, and the initiation of clinical trials.

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