scholarly journals Effect of Resistance Exercise and Training and Principles of Prescribing it for Cardiovascular Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Malekyian Fini ◽  
Sajad Ahmadizad
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Heart Research ◽  
Cardiovascular Patients ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Introduction: The importance and necessity of preventing the occurrence of these diseases in order to maintain and promote health, has attracted the attention of many researchers to methods of preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular injury. Metabolic effects of muscle mass loss due to the natural aging process are caused by decreased muscle activity and lead to high prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors cause disorders in the cardiovascular structure such as myocardial infarction, arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, etc. Research also has shown that muscle strength is inversely related to all causes of death and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide safe resistance training methods for cardiovascular patients. Conclusion Resistance exercise is effective in preventing or reversing the functional, morphological and structural changes of the heart. Research shows that resistance training prevents the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and its function. This can also compensate for the functional decline caused by aging and disease. Because the methods of resistance training are various and are associated with many methodological problems, the study of the effect of exercise and resistance training in cardiovascular patients has always been controversial. This article reviews the findings of previous research examining the effects of the interaction between acute exercise and training in cardiovascular patients, and concludes the principles of prescribing resistance training in these patients. Overall, this study suggests that resistance training is beneficial even for the patients with CHF.

scholarly journals Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. E118-E124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
A. A. Ferrando ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Exercise Induced

We examined the effect of resistance training on the response of mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR) by use of primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and [15N]phenylalanine, respectively, to an isolated bout of pleiometric resistance exercise. Trained subjects, who were performing regular resistance exercise (trained, T; n = 6), were compared with sedentary, untrained controls (untrained, UT; n = 6). The exercise test consisted of 10 sets (8 repetitions per set) of single-leg knee flexion (i.e., pleiometric muscle contraction during lowering) at 120% of the subjects’ predetermined single-leg 1 repetition maximum. Subjects exercised one leg while their contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised (resting) control. Exercise resulted in an increase, above resting, in mixed muscle FSR in both groups (UT: rest, 0.036 ± 0.002; exercise, 0.0802 ± 0.01; T: rest, 0.045 ± 0.004; exercise, 0.067 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P< 0.01). In addition, exercise resulted in an increase in mixed muscle FBR of 37 ± 5% (rest, 0.076 ± 0.005; exercise, 0.105 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01) in the UT group but did not significantly affect FBR in the T group. The resulting muscle net balance (FSR − FBR) was negative throughout the protocol ( P < 0.05) but was increased in the exercised leg in both groups ( P < 0.05). We conclude that pleiometric muscle contractions induce an increase in mixed muscle protein synthetic rate within 4 h of completion of an exercise bout but that resistance training attenuates this increase. A single bout of pleiometric muscle contractions also increased the FBR of mixed muscle protein in UT but not in T subjects.

scholarly journals Preserved Capacity for Adaptations in Strength and Muscle Regulatory Factors in Elderly in Response to Resistance Exercise Training and Deconditioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mæchel Fritzen ◽  
Frank D. Thøgersen ◽  
Khaled Abdul Nasser Qadri ◽  
Thomas Krag ◽  
Marie-Louise Sveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factors ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Muscle Regulatory Factors

Aging is related to an inevitable loss of muscle mass and strength. The mechanisms behind age-related loss of muscle tissue are not fully understood but may, among other things, be induced by age-related differences in myogenic regulatory factors. Resistance exercise training and deconditioning offers a model to investigate differences in myogenic regulatory factors that may be important for age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Nine elderly (82 ± 7 years old) and nine young, healthy persons (22 ± 2 years old) participated in the study. Exercise consisted of six weeks of resistance training of the quadriceps muscle followed by eight weeks of deconditioning. Muscle biopsy samples before and after training and during the deconditioning period were analyzed for MyoD, myogenin, insulin-like growth-factor I receptor, activin receptor IIB, smad2, porin, and citrate synthase. Muscle strength improved with resistance training by 78% (95.0 ± 22.0 kg) in the elderly to a similar extent as in the young participants (83.5%; 178.2 ± 44.2 kg) and returned to baseline in both groups after eight weeks of deconditioning. No difference was seen in expression of muscle regulatory factors between elderly and young in response to exercise training and deconditioning. In conclusion, the capacity to gain muscle strength with resistance exercise training in elderly was not impaired, highlighting this as a potent tool to combat age-related loss of muscle function, possibly due to preserved regulation of myogenic factors in elderly compared with young muscle.

Chronic resistance training in women potentiates growth hormone in vivo bioactivity: characterization of molecular mass variants

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. E1177-E1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Bradley C. Nindl ◽  
James O. Marx ◽  
Lincoln A. Gotshalk ◽  
Jill A. Bush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Molecular Variants ◽  
Exercise Induced

This investigation determined the influence of acute and chronic resistance exercise on responses of growth hormone (GH) molecular variants in women. Seventy-four healthy young women (23 ± 3 yr, 167 ± 7 cm, 63.8 ± 9.3 kg, 26.3 ± 4.0% body fat) performed an acute bout of resistance exercise (6 sets of 10 repetition maximum squat). Blood samples were obtained pre- and postexercise. Resulting plasma was fractionated by molecular mass ( fraction A, >60 kDa; fraction B, 30–60 kDa; and fraction C, <30 kDa) using chromatography. Fractionated and unfractionated (UF) plasma was then assayed for GH using three different detection systems (monoclonal immunoassay, polyclonal immunoassay, and rat tibial line in vivo bioassay). Subjects were then matched and randomly placed into one of four resistance exercise training groups or a control group for 24 wk. All experimental procedures were repeated on completion of the 24-wk resistance training programs. After acute exercise, immunoassays showed consistent increases in UF GH samples and fractions B and C; increases in fraction A using immunoassay were seen only in the monoclonal assay. No consistent changes in bioactive GH were found following acute exercise. Conversely, chronic exercise induced no consistent changes in immunoassayable GH of various molecular masses, whereas, in general, bioassayable GH increased. In summary, although acute exercise increased only immunoactive GH, chronic physical training increased the biological activity of circulating GH molecular variants. Increased bioactive GH was observed across all fractions and training regimens, suggesting that chronic resistance exercise increased a spectrum of GH molecules that may be necessary for the multitude of somatogenic and metabolic actions of GH.

A note on the combined effects of exercise and food restriction on plasma enzyme activities in the rat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Beaton ◽  
B. Oyster
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

Plasma activities of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured in adult male rats made to swim for 1 h either as a single, acute exercise or in repeated exercises (training) in the presence of a 50% food restriction. Food restriction per se elevated MDH and lowered GPT activities. Food-restricted rats responded to both acute exercise and training by an elevated plasma MDH activity. The effect of exercise on plasma MDH activity in these animals was greater than in rats fed ad libitum and was greater than could be accounted for by the summation of the individual effects of training and of food restriction. Plasma GPT activity was not altered by exercise in rats fed ad libitum or in food-restricted animals. It would appear, as suggested previously, that plasma MDH activity may be a useful biochemical criterion of training.

Acute Exercise and Training Alter Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles Differently in Overweight and Obese Men and Women

Obesity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1618-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Greene ◽  
Steven E. Martin ◽  
Stephen F. Crouse
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Lipoprotein Profiles

Regulation of the STARS signaling pathway in response to endurance and resistance exercise and training

2013 ◽  
Vol 465 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Lamon ◽  
Marita A. Wallace ◽  
Renae J. Stefanetti ◽  
Stine K. Rahbek ◽  
Mikkel H. Vendelbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

scholarly journals Resistance Exercise Reduces Skeletal Muscle Cachexia and Improves Muscle Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salaheddin Sharif ◽  
James M. Thomas ◽  
David A. Donley ◽  
Diana L. Gilleland ◽  
Daniel E. Bonner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rheumatoid Cachexia

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease associated with cachexia (reduced muscle and increased fat). Although strength-training exercise has been used in persons with RA, it is not clear if it is effective for reducing cachexia. A 46-year-old woman was studied to determine: (i) if resistance exercise could reverse cachexia by improving muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area, and muscle function; and (2) if elevated apoptotic signaling was involved in cachexia with RA and could be reduced by resistance training. A needle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of the RA subject before and after 16 weeks of resistance training. Knee extensor strength increased by 13.6% and fatigue decreased by 2.8% Muscle mass increased by 2.1%. Average muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by 49.7%, and muscle nuclei increased slightly after strength training from 0.08 to 0.12 nuclei/μm2. In addition, there was a slight decrease (1.6%) in the number of apoptotic muscle nuclei after resistance training. This case study suggests that resistance training may be a good tool for increasing the number of nuclei per fiber area, decreasing apoptotic nuclei, and inducing fiber hypertrophy in persons with RA, thereby slowing or reversing rheumatoid cachexia.

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