scholarly journals On the Problem of Preclusive Character of Electoral Terms

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Yurii Kliuchkovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Great Practical Importance ◽  
Election Process ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Election Commission ◽  
Legal Consequences

The article considers one of the aspects of the temporal measure of the election process: the preclusive nature of the terms of electoral procedures (electoral terms).Determining the legal nature of electoral terms is of great practical importance. It is generally accepted that terms are preclusive if they must be strictly adhered to, i.e. these terms cannot be extended or renewed. Any actions that were to be committed during such a period have no legal consequences if they are committed after its expiration. Some election terms are recognized as preclusive by the law. The lack of a normative provision on the possibility of extending or renewing other election terms, together with the awareness that the election process is fast-paced and irreversible as well as the analogy with the terms recognized as preclusive, provides grounds for law enforcement bodies to extend this feature to all election terms. The article considers one of the aspects of the temporal measure of the election process: the preclusivenature of the terms of electoral procedures (electoral terms).Determining the legal nature of electoral terms is of great practical importance. It is generally acceptedthat terms are preclusive if they must be strictly adhered to, i.e. these terms cannot be extended or renewed.Any actions that were to be committed during such a period have no legal consequences if they are committedafter its expiration. Some election terms are recognized as preclusive by the law. The lack of a normativeprovision on the possibility of extending or renewing other election terms, together with the awareness thatthe election process is fast-paced and irreversible as well as the analogy with the terms recognized aspreclusive, provides grounds for law enforcement bodies to extend this feature to all election terms.Judicial practice demonstrates various approaches to understanding the nature of different election terms. Although their preclusive nature is declared, it is not followed in all cases. Therefore, there exists a problem to search for a criterion that would allow to divide the terms of the implementation of certain election procedures by the relevant subjects of the election process into preclusive ones and those being mandatory but extendable. To find such a criterion, we used a comparison of two similar situations related to passive suffrage during the national elections – the nomination of a candidate and deciding regarding his registration.The difference between the conditions of the corresponding procedures is that the candidate being he holder of passive suffrage acts on his own initiative, i.e. at his own discretion submits documents for registration, while the opposite party (election commission), registering the candidate, acts on duty, having imperative power to consider these documents and make decisions on them in accordance with the requirements of the law. This is the reason for the difference in the nature of the terms for the corresponding procedures.Thus, the election terms are preclusive if they are related to the actions taken by the subjects of the election process at their own discretion, including for the exercise of their own rights. At the same time, the terms set for the obligatory actions aimed at ensuring the rights of other entities, although mandatory (violation of which is qualified as being illegal), but they cannot be considered preclusive.  

PROBLEMS OF DISTINCTION OF INTENTION AND NEGLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL LAW

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Сайд-Магомед Исламович Мусаев
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Great Practical Importance ◽  
Enforcement Officer ◽  
Law Enforcement Officer ◽  
The Law

Определение формы вины в различных составах преступлений - одна из ключевых проблем уголовного права, имеющая большое практическое значение. Особенно острой эта проблема становится, когда выбор между умыслом и неосторожностью должен быть сделан правоприменителем в условиях законодательной неопределенности и различия в позициях высших судов. Determining the form of guilt in various offenses is one of the key problems of criminal law, which is of great practical importance. This problem becomes especially acute when the choice between intent and negligence must be made by the law enforcement officer in conditions of legislative uncertainty and differences in the positions of the higher courts.

Problematic aspects of the use of penitentiary information in the process of disclosure and investigation of crimes

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
Максим Владимирович Кремлев
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference

Автор, основываясь на ранее проведенных исследованиях, определяет место и роль пенитенциарной информации в процессе раскрытия и расследования преступлений. Указывается, что пенитенциарная информация превращается в процессуальную и, соответственно, в доказательственную посредством поэтапного прохождения через комплекс действий, облеченных в формы пенитенциарного, оперативно-розыскного и процессуального законодательства. Устанавливаются наиболее уязвимые места с точки зрения содержательного наполнения и процессуального оформления получаемых в рамках режимной деятельности сведений. Таковыми выступают места «сочленения» видов деятельности. Основой для подобного рода высказывания выступает разница в нормативном регулировании, в сменяемости и целеполагании исполнителей, а также их представлении о критериях успешности выполненной работы. В качестве подтверждения выдвинутого тезиса приводится пример из правоохранительной практики использования пенитенциарной информации в процессе доказывания, имеющий негативные последствия. Предлагаются направления совершенствования получения пенитенциарной информации с целью усиления ее доказательственного потенциала. In this article, the author, based on previous research determines the place and role of penitentiary information in the process of disclosure and investigation of crimes. It is specified that penitentiary information turns into procedural and, accordingly, into proofs by means of step-by-step passing through a complex of actions exposed in forms of the penitentiary, operational-search and procedural legislation. The most vulnerable places from the point of view of substantial filling and procedural registration of the data received within regime activity are established. These are the places of “articulation” of activities. It is concluded that the basis for this kind of statement is the difference in regulatory regulation, in the turnover and goal-setting of performers, as well as their representation of the criteria for the success of the work performed. As a confirmation of the proposed thesis, an example from the law enforcement practice of using penitentiary information in the process of proving having negative consequences is given. Directions of improvement of receiving penitentiary information for the purpose of strengthening of its evidentiary potential are offered.

Forced Termination of the Right to a Land not Used for Purpose or Used in Violation of the Law: Enforcement Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
G. A. Misnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Forced Termination ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The article provides an analysis of the legal rules governing the application of sanctions for violation of land laws. Particular attention is paid to the type of sanctions, such as the seizure of land used in violation of the law and unused in accordance with their purpose. The author examines the existing theoretical positions on the legal nature of these sanctions, examines law enforcement practice. The article provides a critical analysis of the positions of the judiciary in terms of the qualification of land offences as the basis for the application of these sanctions. As a result of the theoretical study of the issue, the author concludes that the sanctions are recognized as liability measures, the industry of which needs to be legislated.

Problem of decision of the judicial penalty and criminal punishment as a penalty

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Татьяна Геннадьевна Лепина ◽  
Елена Николаевна Шатанкова
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Criminal Penalty ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Teaching In Higher Education

Актуальность обусловлена существованием проблемы разграничения в научных исследованиях судебного штрафа и штрафа как уголовного наказания. Предмет. Критерии отграничения судебного штрафа от уголовного наказания в виде штрафа. Цель. Авторы считают необходимым проведение разграничения рассматриваемых мер для повышения эффективности правоприменительной деятельности. Методология. Были использованы статистический, сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический методы, методы толкования права. Результаты. Сходство судебного штрафа и штрафа как уголовного наказания обусловлено тем, что обе рассматриваемые меры подразумевают денежные выплаты лицом, виновным в совершении преступления. Также исследователи обращают внимание на одинаковый состав участников правоотношений, возникающих при функционировании рассматриваемых институтов: лицо, обязанное уплатить штраф, государство в лице судебного пристава-исполнителя. Сходными являются цели применения рассматриваемых мер. Так, восстановление социальной справедливости присуще и судебному штрафу (так как он предполагает возмещение ущерба и заглаживание вреда). Обоим мерам свойственна направленность на решение превентивных задач. Применение судебного штрафа оказывает воздействие на виновного. Лицо, которому грозила уголовная ответственность, избежавшее наказания, как правило, будет стремиться к недопущению подобных ситуаций в будущем. Наиболее выраженные различия наблюдаются при реализации цели исправления. Применение судебного штрафа свидетельствует о том, что правоприменитель признает конкретное лицо, нарушившее закон, нуждающимся в исправлении в меньшей степени (по отношению к осужденным лицам). Следовательно, при применении судебного штрафа возможно исправление и без применения уголовного наказания. Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в практической деятельности следственных, судебных органов и учреждений, исполняющих судебные решения; в образовательном процессе при преподавании в высших учебных заведениях. Заключение. Важнейшим отличием между судебным штрафом и штрафом как наказанием является наличие (отсутствие) судимости. Она отсутствует при применении первого института, но имеет место при функционировании второго, как составляющая уголовной ответственности. Однако стоит также отметить отличие, связанное с тем, что судебный штраф не подразумевает необходимость применения наказания для исправления виновного. Напротив, эта мера призвана способствовать законопослушному поведению без использования карательных средств. The relevance of this scientific article is due to the existence of the problem of differentiation in scientific research of a court fine and a fine as a criminal punishment. Subject. Criteria for delimiting a court fine from a criminal penalty in the form of a fine. Purpose. The authors consider it necessary to delimit the measures under consideration in order to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement. Methodology. The following methods were used: statistical, comparative legal, formal legal, methods of interpretation of law. Results. The similarity between the judicial fine and the fine as a criminal punishment is due to the fact that both measures considered imply cash payments to the person guilty of the crime. Researchers also pay attention to the same composition of participants in legal relations arising from the functioning of the institutions in question: the person obligated to pay the fine, the state represented by the bailiff. The objectives of the measures under consideration are similar. Thus, the restoration of social justice is also inherent in judicial fines (since it involves damages and redress). Both measures are characterized by a focus on solving preventive tasks. The application of a judicial fine affects the perpetrator. A person who faces criminal liability who has escaped punishment will tend to prevent such situations in the future. The most pronounced differences are observed when realizing the goal of correction. The application of a judicial fine indicates that the law enforcer recognizes a specific person who has violated the law as being in need of correction to a lesser extent (in relation to convicted persons). Consequently, when applying a judicial fine, corrections are possible without applying criminal penalties. Scope of the results. The results can be used in the practical activities of investigative, judicial authorities and institutions executing judicial decisions; in the educational process when teaching in higher education. Conclusion. The most important difference between a judicial fine and a fine as a punishment is the presence (absence) of a criminal record. It is absent in the application of the first institution, but takes place in the functioning of the second, as a component of criminal liability. However, it is also important to note the difference associated with the fact that a court fine does not imply the need to apply punishment to correct the perpetrator. On the contrary, this measure is designed to promote law-abiding behavior without the use of punitive means.

scholarly journals How Election Process is Rent-Seeking in Pakistan? A Case Study of Local Bodies Election in District Pakpattan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Anwar Shah ◽  
Nasrullah Habib ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Younas
Keyword(s):  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Monetary Cost ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Election Commission

This study examines the difference between the total spending on the election campaign in 54 Union councils during local bodies’ election and the expected developmental fund for the same area. The study is based on primary data collected from 324 contesting candidates for the chairmanship/vice-chairmanship of 54 union councils (UCs) in district Pakpattan during the local bodies’ election of 2015 in Punjab, Pakistan. Per local bodies council rules, a winning chairman of UC has to allocate developmental funds in the area. So, the whole process of local bodies’ election is for the finalization of a person among the people, who could be given the mandate to use the developmental funds. In this regard, we assume that the prevailing process of election is rent-seeking for society, in the sense that the total cost of the election process for society is greater than the developmental funds for which the same process is conducted. Candidates consume more than the allowed limit set by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP). Hence, society bears the monetary cost of spending more than the set limit and non-monetary costs like rivalry, foes, conflicts, etc. The analysis of data shows that the total amount of campaign spending is 473.27 million rupees which are significantly more than the allowed limit, set by ECP as well as the total allocated developmental funds (128 million) of 54 union councils. The study shows that the whole process of local bodies’ election is putting rent of 345 million on society. Apart from monetary cost, this process brings those people to the power corridors who themselves break ECP rules. The study suggests comprehensive reforms in the process of the election campaign for saving society from its associated cost.

scholarly journals LEGAL ENFORCEMENT DECRIMINALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMY OF CRIMINAL IMPACT MEASURES: CONCEPT, SIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
A. V. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Administrative Legislation ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
Implementation Problems

The article examines decriminalization, which is a method of criminal law policy. The author substantiates the division of decriminalization according to the forms of its implementation into legislative and law enforcement. The legal nature of law enforcement decriminalization is analyzed. On the basis of the features identified by the author, its concept is formulated. The problems of the implementation of law enforcement decriminalization associated with the interpretation of evaluative features, the presence of legislative problems expressed in the intersectoral inconsistency of criminal and administrative legislation, as well as the formulation of qualifying signs of individual offenses that are not related to the commission of an act that forms the main body of these crimes are noted. Based on the study, analysis of legislation and theoretical views, a conclusion is made about the existence of a legislative basis for law enforcement decriminalization, it is argued that the phenomenon under study is one of the most important components of the law enforcement economy of criminal law impact, contributing to the implementation of the principle of fairness of criminal law and criminal liability.

Environmental activity of law enforcement agenciesenvironmental activity of law enforcement agencies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Blankov ◽  
O. B. Vinogradova ◽  
Orlova Y. R. Orlova Y. R.
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Natural Object ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
General Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Environmental Activity

The article defines the legal nature of the environmental protection activities of law enforcement agencies. The bodies carrying out activities for the protection of the environment within the framework of the implementation of the law enforcement function are systematized according to their own functionality into four groups: the general law enforcement bodies (internal affairs of the Russian Federation); the law enforcement agencies that resolve issues related to encroachment on public relations in relation to a specific natural object (specialized agencies); the bodies implementing control and supervisory activities in this area (prosecutorial bodies of Russia); and, finally, the judicial authorities.

On Legal Nature and Classificatory Identity Standards of Law Enforcement Ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Рафаиль Валиев ◽  
Rafail Valiev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Enforcement Activity

Based on the problem situation conditioned by indeterminacy of institutional position of the standards of law enforcement ethics within the mechanism of contemporary law enforcement regulation, the author attempts to analyze the legal nature of the above standards. The study reveals that the legal nature of standards of law enforcement ethics is conditioned by the necessity to protect the identity of citizens and the law enforcement system itself from the negative impact produced by various forms of irregular conduct by subjects of law enforcement. As a result of comparing the standards of law enforcement ethics and the rules of law the author establishes that according to the technical-legal forms of their external expression and other attributes, as well as their regulatory potential, the standards of law enforcement ethics are comparable to the status of the rules of law. The study permits us to conclude that the standards of law enforcement ethics possess the classificatory identity typical of the protective rules of law represented by relations in the field of law enforcement activity. This identity is conditioned by the specificity of the subject of their regulation. The standards of law enforcement ethics are of subsidiary significance as they supplement and develop standards of status laws in matters of legal regulation of the moral aspect of the law enforcement activity.

scholarly journals Uwagi na temat charakteru prawnego dyrektywy wymiaru kary za ciąg przestępstw. Część II

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Rajnhardt Kokot
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Rational Solution ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Character ◽  
Legal Consequences

The remarks on the legal character of the directive of the punishment for the series of crimes The article considers the problem of punishment for the series of crimes. It raises the legal character of the rule of tightening the criminal responsibility as a consequence of committing crimes remaining in a confl uence of events connected with the buckle of continuity. The main doubt accompanying such evaluation is connected with the answer to the question if the legal eff ects within the scope of punishment resulting from the art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code express ordinary or extraordinary punishment. The dispute about the legal nature of the consequences resulting from that regulation has not only the theoretical-legal dimension. Accepting one of those options causes far-reaching legal consequences within the sphere of the law practice application. It decides about the scope of the legal responsibility and determines the relations with other statutory premises that modify its limits. In this context there are also the remarks considering the conditions of accepting the set of principles, resulting from art. 57 of the Penal Code, reforming those limits with the rule of punishment for the series of crimes. The analysis takes up the problem of the punishment for the continuous act defi ned in art. 12 of the Penal Code. We have to take into consideration that this institution derives from the same as the series of crimes structure of the continuous act of crime that was in the Penal Code from 1969, which is the basis of the extraordinary tightening the punishment. Thus there comes the question — whether resigning from modifying the principles of legal responsibility for the continuous act of crime can lead to impression of the dissymmetry of penalty of both structures, and is that the reasonable and rational solution.

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