On Emergence of Institute of Commissioners of Council for Religious Cults under the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR in 1944–1945

The article deals with Muslim religious fi gures (imams, seyids, abyzs, muezzins, mullahs) of the Tatar Sloboda of Moscow, located in the Zamoskvorechye district, of the 17th-18th centuries. Many names and details of the life of religious fi gures are for the fi rst time described by means of use of documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the Central Historical Archive of Moscow. The Council for Religious Aff airs under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, created in May and June 1944, faced a number of problems from the very beginning of its work. One of them was the creation of new posts in the regions those authorized by this Council. Some of the leaders of the regions of the USSR believed that such positions were not necessary. In many respects, this attitude resulted in diffi culties in the work of the authorized representatives of this Council: delays in the allocation of specially equipped offi ces, sending on long business trips not related to the performance of duties, failure to comply with the decisions of the state leadership on the payment of salaries to the authorized representatives, which should have corresponded to their position. Despite the measures taken from the fi rst days by the leadership of the Council, relying on the leadership of the USSR, many of the problems associated with the commissioners, primarily with the staffi ng of their staff , both in quality and quantity, in the 1940s became chronic and did not were resolved during these years. In many ways, a signifi cant part of the diffi culties in the work of the commissioners arose from ignorance and failure to comply with a set of offi cial documents, including service letters and instructions. Analysis of various aspects of the activities of the authorized representatives of the Council for Religious Aff airs is not only purely theoretical, but also of great practical importance for the authorities at all levels, which interact with religious organizations in their daily work.

THE REVIEW OF K.S. BAKANOV AND A.A. BURTSEV’S MONOGRAPH «PREVENTION OF THE FACTS OF DRIVING IS DRUNK AT STAGES POLUCHE-NIYA, STAY, THE TERMINATION AND RESUMPTION OF THE RIGHT FOR DRIVING»

Рецензируемая монография имеет большую практическую значимость для совершенствования деятельности полиции по предупреждению и пресечению фактов управления транспортными средствами в состоянии опьянения, а также по взаимодействию с медицинскими организациями по данным вопросам, что, как следствие, является залогом снижения уровня аварийности по этой причине. В монографии рассматриваются перспективы совершенствования системы допуска водителей транспортных средств к участию в дорожном движении на основе подходов риск-ориентированного управления, межведомственного взаимодействия, развития и внедрения цифровых технологий. The peer-reviewed monograph was of great practical importance for improving police activities to prevent and suppress the facts of driving while intoxicated, as well as for interacting with medical organizations on these issues, which, as a result, was the key to reducing the accident rate for this reason. The monograph considers the prospects for improving the system of admission of drivers of vehicles to participate in road traffic on the basis of risk-based management approaches, interagency interaction, development and the introduction of digital technologies.

The Study of Cicadas in the Conditions of the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan

The article presents materials on the study of the cicadas Laodelphax striatellus Fall. and Muirodelphax aubei Perr.in the Fergana Valley, their morphological and biological characteristics, systematic position, distribution, harmfulness, food connections and peculiarities of their diagnosis. As I.D. Mityaev points out [1], the useful value of cicadas for humans is very insignificant. There is evidence that some peoples eat large singing cicadas, considering them medicinal, or keep cicadas in cages for the sake of their peculiar singing. It is proved that some species of cicadas, in places of their mass reproduction, play a significant role in the permeability of moisture and aeration of the soil, the underground work of their larvae. Larvae and imago of cicadas are a source of food for many animals and they play a certain role in biocenoses. Some species, due to their low abundance and low harmfulness, are not of great practical importance for humans. Most of the cicadas are pests of various agricultural plants [2, pp. 146-150]. As noted by D.A. Azimov, without deep knowledge of the fauna and development of the taxonomy of insects, as well as other groups of fauna and vegetation, it is impossible to solve further problems of protection and rational use of useful forms, as well as organization of plant protection [3, pp. 54-55]. Therefore, the study of cicadas and their diagnosis is not only theoretical, but also practical.

Aspects of Computable Analysis

<p>Computable analysis has been well studied ever since Turing famously formalised the computable reals and computable real-valued function in 1936. However, analysis is a broad subject, and there still exist areas that have yet to be explored. For instance, Sierpinski proved that every real-valued function ƒ : ℝ → ℝ is the limit of a sequence of Darboux functions. This is an intriguing result, and the complexity of these sequences has been largely unstudied. Similarly, the Blaschke Selection Theorem, closely related to the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, has great practical importance, but has not been considered from a computability theoretic perspective. The two main contributions of this thesis are: to provide some new, simple proofs of fundamental classical results (highlighting the role of ∏0/1 classes), and to use tools from effective topology to analyse the Darboux property, particularly a result by Sierpinski, and the Blaschke Selection Theorem. This thesis focuses on classical computable analysis. It does not make use of effective measure theory.</p>

Aspects of Computable Analysis

<p>Computable analysis has been well studied ever since Turing famously formalised the computable reals and computable real-valued function in 1936. However, analysis is a broad subject, and there still exist areas that have yet to be explored. For instance, Sierpinski proved that every real-valued function ƒ : ℝ → ℝ is the limit of a sequence of Darboux functions. This is an intriguing result, and the complexity of these sequences has been largely unstudied. Similarly, the Blaschke Selection Theorem, closely related to the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, has great practical importance, but has not been considered from a computability theoretic perspective. The two main contributions of this thesis are: to provide some new, simple proofs of fundamental classical results (highlighting the role of ∏0/1 classes), and to use tools from effective topology to analyse the Darboux property, particularly a result by Sierpinski, and the Blaschke Selection Theorem. This thesis focuses on classical computable analysis. It does not make use of effective measure theory.</p>

NEW ASPECTS OF THE ENZYMATIC BREAKDOWN OF CHITIN: A REVIEW

This review focuses on the enzymatic breakdown of chitin, taking into account the latest scientific reports on the activity of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO). Chitin is a natural, abundant polysaccharide of great practical importance in the environment. However, the insolubility in water and the tightly packed crystalline structure of chitin pose a serious obstacle to enzymatic degradation. This substrate can be converted into soluble sugars by the action of glycosidic hydrolases (GH), also known as chitinases. LPMO could prove to be helpful in enzymatic processes that increase the rate of chitin depolymerisation by improving the availability of substrates for chitinases. The unique action of LPMO is based on the ability to catalyse the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic chains present in complex, resistant crystal networks of chitin, and this cleavage facilitates the subsequent action of glycolytic hydrolases.

On the Problem of Preclusive Character of Electoral Terms

The article considers one of the aspects of the temporal measure of the election process: the preclusive nature of the terms of electoral procedures (electoral terms).Determining the legal nature of electoral terms is of great practical importance. It is generally accepted that terms are preclusive if they must be strictly adhered to, i.e. these terms cannot be extended or renewed. Any actions that were to be committed during such a period have no legal consequences if they are committed after its expiration. Some election terms are recognized as preclusive by the law. The lack of a normative provision on the possibility of extending or renewing other election terms, together with the awareness that the election process is fast-paced and irreversible as well as the analogy with the terms recognized as preclusive, provides grounds for law enforcement bodies to extend this feature to all election terms. The article considers one of the aspects of the temporal measure of the election process: the preclusivenature of the terms of electoral procedures (electoral terms).Determining the legal nature of electoral terms is of great practical importance. It is generally acceptedthat terms are preclusive if they must be strictly adhered to, i.e. these terms cannot be extended or renewed.Any actions that were to be committed during such a period have no legal consequences if they are committedafter its expiration. Some election terms are recognized as preclusive by the law. The lack of a normativeprovision on the possibility of extending or renewing other election terms, together with the awareness thatthe election process is fast-paced and irreversible as well as the analogy with the terms recognized aspreclusive, provides grounds for law enforcement bodies to extend this feature to all election terms.Judicial practice demonstrates various approaches to understanding the nature of different election terms. Although their preclusive nature is declared, it is not followed in all cases. Therefore, there exists a problem to search for a criterion that would allow to divide the terms of the implementation of certain election procedures by the relevant subjects of the election process into preclusive ones and those being mandatory but extendable. To find such a criterion, we used a comparison of two similar situations related to passive suffrage during the national elections – the nomination of a candidate and deciding regarding his registration.The difference between the conditions of the corresponding procedures is that the candidate being he holder of passive suffrage acts on his own initiative, i.e. at his own discretion submits documents for registration, while the opposite party (election commission), registering the candidate, acts on duty, having imperative power to consider these documents and make decisions on them in accordance with the requirements of the law. This is the reason for the difference in the nature of the terms for the corresponding procedures.Thus, the election terms are preclusive if they are related to the actions taken by the subjects of the election process at their own discretion, including for the exercise of their own rights. At the same time, the terms set for the obligatory actions aimed at ensuring the rights of other entities, although mandatory (violation of which is qualified as being illegal), but they cannot be considered preclusive.

Ways to Increase the Responsibility of Local Governments in the Kyrgyz Republic

The article of the authors is devoted to increasing the professionalism and responsibility of local selfgovernment bodies in the Kyrgyz Republic. In the context of deepening socio-economic reform, the role of local self-government bodies is growing. Over time, it becomes more and more obvious that our society will not be able to cope with the existing numerous problems if there is no effective activity and responsibility of local self-government bodies, the development of which is of great practical importance for the development of local communities and the state as a whole.

REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH OF CANDIDATE OF LEGAL SCIENCES KIRILL BAKANOV AND CANDIDATE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ALEXANDER BURTSEV

Рецензируемая монография имеет большую практическую значимость для совершенствования деятельности полиции по предупреждению и пресечению фактов управления транспортными средствами в состоянии опьянения, а также – по взаимодействию с медицинскими организациями по данным вопросам, что, как следствие, является залогом снижения уровня аварийности по этой причине. В монографии рассматриваются перспективы совершенствования системы допуска водителей транс- портных средств к участию в дорожном движении на основе подходов риск-ориентированного управления, межведомственного взаимодействия,развития и внедрения цифровых технологий. The reviewed monograph is of great practical importance for improving the activities of the police in preventing and suppressing the facts of driving under the influence of alcohol, as well as for interacting with medical organizations on these issues, which, as a result, is the key to reducing the level of accidents for this reason. The monograph examines the prospects for improving the system of admission of drivers of vehicles to participate in road traffic on the basis of risk-based management approaches, interdepartmental interaction, development and implementation of digital technologies.

The Union State and the Union Economy: Political Economy of Russian-Belarusian Cooperation

Against the background of political instability in Belarus and unsuccessful attempts to “deepen integration” in 2019-2020, the political economy of Russian-Belarusian cooperation as a subject of study goes far beyond academic interest and is of great practical importance. The article suggests that explanation of the integration difficulties in inside the nature of the existing Belarusian political and economic model, which becomes the main object of analysis. By analogy with the political economic model of “Putinomics” by С.Miller and the results of a comparative analysis, the political economic model of “Lukashenomics” and its main strategies (centralization of power, a high level of social obligations, state control of the economy, extraction of “political rent” from relations with Russia and the priority statehood over state solvency) are explained. On the basis of the model of resilience and stability of state systems developed earlier by the author as part of the team, the influence of the “Lukashenomics” on the resilience and stability of the state system of Belarus is determined. The fundamental incompatibility of the existing Belarusian and Russian political economic models is revealed and the prospects for the development of Russian-Belarusian relations in the context of possible scenarios for the transformation of the Belarusian model are determined.