Networks from Below

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Ethnic Network ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
The Difference

The fifth chapter analyzes the bottom tier of an ethnic network that brought credit from global financiers to the merchants and farmers of the Gulf South, exploring how the Southern firms with which Lehman Brothers worked dispersed this global investment throughout local economies. In some instances, Lehman Brothers’ customers sold directly to rural farmers and plantation owners, providing them with the credit necessary to purchase farming needs, foodstuffs, and personal goods. But in other instances, firms with which Lehman Brothers worked extended credit to smaller shopkeepers, who could then stock their own shelves at the start of the season, sell goods to their customers on credit, and, if all went well, be repaid by their customers after the harvest. For these smaller businesses, this line of credit was the difference between success and failure, particularly when the vicissitudes of the economy necessitated leniency from creditors. While this leniency was risky for lenders, trust-based economic networks mitigated risk. In this way, Jewish merchants created an ethnic niche in the cotton industry, securing global investment, funneling it to the South, and dispersing it throughout local economies.

Transnational Habitus and Sociability in the City: Zimbabwean Migrants’ Experiences in Johannesburg, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khangelani Moyo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Transnational Migrants ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
The City

Drawing on field research and a survey of 150 Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, this paper explores the dimensions of migrants’ transnational experiences in the urban space. I discuss the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook as well as other means such as telephone calls in fostering the embedding of transnational migrants within both the Johannesburg and the Zimbabwean socio-economic environments. I engage this migrant-embedding using Bourdieusian concepts of “transnational habitus” and “transnational social field,” which are migration specific variations of Bourdieu’s original concepts of “habitus” and “social field.” In deploying these Bourdieusian conceptual tools, I observe that the dynamics of South–South migration as observed in the Zimbabwean migrants are different to those in the South–North migration streams and it is important to move away from using the same lens in interpreting different realities. For Johannesburg-based migrants to operate within the socio-economic networks produced in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, they need to actively acquire a transnational habitus. I argue that migrants’ cultivation of networks in Johannesburg is instrumental, purposive, and geared towards achieving specific and immediate goals, and latently leads to the development and sustenance of flexible forms of permanency in the transnational urban space.

scholarly journals THE DIFFERENCE OF E.COLI CONTENT IN THE CHICKEN MEAT IN THE SOUTH KEPUTRAN TRADITIONAL MARKET AND SUPERMARKET ' X ' OF SURABAYA CITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Athalla Permana ◽  
R. Bambang W
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Food Handler ◽  
The South ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Meat Samples

Hygiene and sanitation practices in chicken influenced Eschericia coli bacterial contamination in food. A Study conducted by Sasmita and Juwita mentioned that there was positively E.coli content in chicken meat in supermarket. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the difference of E.Coli content in chicken meat and personal hygiene of food handler. It was an observational study with cross sectional approach. The population of this study included traditional market sellers and supermarkets. The sample of this study consisted of 14 samples of chicken meat in which 7 samples came from the South Keputran traditional market and other 7 samples came from Supermarket ‘X’. Moreover, 7 traditional market sellers and 2 supermarkets were involved to be examined. Variables of the study were E.coli content in chicken meat from Traditional Market of South Keputran and Supermarket ‘X’ and personal hygiene. Samples of chicken meat was done by accidental sampling. Data were collected through interview and observation, whereas the difference of E-Coli content was analyzed using statistical test. The results of this study indicated that one of chicken meat samples positively contained E.Coli bacteria, and no significant differences of the E.coli content were found on the chicken meat samples from both the Traditional Market of South Keputran and Supermarket ‘X’. The suggestion that can be given to Supermarket ‘X’ seller is to control and pay close attention to the sanitation process from suppliers to retails

How HY-2A/GM altimeter performs in marine gravity derivation: assessment in the South China Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Zhu ◽  
Jinyun Guo ◽  
Cheinway Hwang ◽  
Jinyao Gao ◽  
Jiajia Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Marine Gravity ◽  
Sea Surface Heights ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARY HY-2A is China's first satellite altimeter mission, launched in Aug. 2011. Its geodetic mission (GM) started from 2016 March 30 till present, collecting sea surface heights for about five 168-d cycles. To test how the HY-2A altimeter performs in marine gravity derivation, we use the least-squares collocation method to determine marine gravity anomalies on 1′ × 1′ grids around the South China Sea (covering 0°–30°N, 105°E–125°E) from the HY-2A/GM-measured geoid gradients. We assess the qualities of the HY-2A/GM-derived gravity over different depths and areas using the bias and tilt-adjusted ship-borne gravity anomalies from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and the Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) of P. R. China. The RMS difference between the HY-2A/GM-derived and the NCEI ship-borne gravity is 5.91 mGal, and is 5.33 mGal when replacing the HY-2A value from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) V23.1 value. The RMS difference between the HY-2A/GM-derived and the MNR ship-borne gravity is 2.90 mGal, and is 2.76 mGal when replacing the HY-2A value from the SIO V23.1 value. The RMS difference between the HY-2A and SIO V23.1 value is 3.57 mGal in open sea areas at least 20 km far away from the coast. In general, the difference between the HY-2A/GM-derived gravity and ship-borne gravity decreases with decreasing gravity field roughness and increasing depth. HY-2A results in the lowest gravity accuracy in areas with islands or reefs. Our assessment result suggests that HY-2A can compete with other Ku-band altimeter missions in marine gravity derivation.

Relative abundances and size compositions of champagne crabs, Hypothalassia acerba, on two coasts and in different water depths and seasons

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim D. Smith ◽  
Norman G. Hall ◽  
Ian C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Spatial Partitioning ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Catch Rates

Hypothalassia acerba was sampled seasonally using traps at depths of 35, 90, 145, 200, 255, 310 and 365 m on the west and south coasts of Western Australia. Catch rates peaked at depths of 200 m on the west coast and 145 m on the south coast but at similar temperatures of 16.1–17.1°C. The west and south coast catches contained 69% and 84% males respectively. The carapace length of H. acerba declined significantly by 4 mm for each 100 m increase in depth. The maximum carapace length of males was greater than females on the west coast (135 v. 113 mm) and south coast (138 v. 120 mm). Furthermore, after adjustment to a depth of 200 m, the mean carapace lengths of males were greater than females on both the west coast (96.6 v. 94.6 mm) and south coast (101.5 v. 91.4 mm), with the difference on the south coast being significant (P < 0.001). Thus, in summary, (1) distribution was related to depth and temperature; (2) body size was inversely related to water depth; and (3) males grew larger and were caught in greater numbers than females. There was also evidence that the distribution changed slightly with season and of spatial partitioning by H. acerba and other large deep-water invertebrate predators.

scholarly journals Kærlighedens dialektiker: Karakteristik af Hans Dencks kritiske spiritualisme

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-234
Author(s):  
Johannes Aakjær Steenbuch
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The South ◽  
The Difference

Hans Denck (1500-1527) is known as one of the primary charactersin the South German Anabaptist movement. Denck has beencharacterized as a humanist with a high view of the personal freedomof human beings. Based on an analysis of Dencks concept of the difference,or even opposition, between God and human beings, his ideaof yieldedness (gelassenheit), spiritualism and conception of the humanwill, this article argues that Dencks position should be characterized ascritical spiritualism rather than humanism, in so far as the spiritual crisisinflicted on human beings

scholarly journals South Slavic culture and its influence on the formation of liturgical collections of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church

2021 ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
Mykola Рidhorbunskyi
Keyword(s):  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The South ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Style Of Writing ◽  
Stylistic Changes

The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of the South Slavic spiritual culture on the formation and development of hymnography in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the 16th-17th centuries. The methodology includes a systematic analysis, which made it possible to analyze and study the influence of the South Slavic spiritual culture on the formation of hymnography in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. To determine the temporal and quantitative characteristics of the analyzed material, statistical and chronological methods were used, which contributed to the identification of spelling and stylistic changes in Ukrainian liturgical collections. The scientific novelty lies in the determination of the characteristic features of the development of Ukrainian church singing under the influence of South Slavic spiritual culture. Establishing the difference in the formation of the two main directions of church singing in the Ukrainian territory, namely in big cities and peripheral spiritual centers. Conclusions. South Slavic influence manifested itself in certain spelling and stylistic changes that took place in Ukrainian liturgical collections. This process contributed to the intensification of the development of Ukrainian musical and hymnographic art. On the model of South Slavic graphics, a new style of writing was formed, which was called the "junior half-stav". Together with the change in spelling and literary language, the "weaving of words" was transferred - a special literary style that arose in Bulgaria during the time of Patriarch Euthymius. In Ukraine-Rus, the variety of translations of instructive and ascetic works of Byzantine and South Slavic writers in the spirit of "hesychasm" has increased. The restrained and austere tone of the previous era of Ukrainian Orthodox worship was filled with major Balkan-Slavic tunes. In the Notolinian Irmologions, polyeleos psalms and glorifications spread mainly in the form of Bulgarian and Serbian tunes, on the basis of which regional variants arose in the spiritual centers of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Comparison of south Atlantic aerosol direct radiative effect overclouds from SCIAMACHY, POLDER and OMI/MODIS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin de Graaf ◽  
Ruben Schulte ◽  
Fanny Peers ◽  
Fabien Waquet ◽  
L. Gijsbert Tilstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
The South ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerosol Effects

Abstract. The Direct Radiative Effect (DRE) of aerosols above clouds has been found to be significant over the south-east Atlantic Ocean during the African biomass burning season due to elevated smoke layers absorbing radiation above the cloud deck. So far, global climate models have been unsuccessful in reproducing the high DRE values measured by various satellite instruments. Meanwhile, the radiative effects by aerosols have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty in global climate models. In this paper, three independent satellite datasets of DRE during the biomass burning season in 2006 are compared to constrain the south-east Atlantic radiation budget. The DRE of aerosols above clouds is derived from the spectrometer SCIAMACHY, the polarimeter POLDER, and from collocated measurements by the spectrometer OMI and imager MODIS. All three confirm the high DRE values during the biomass season, underlining the relevance of local aerosol effects. Differences between the instruments can be attributed mainly to sampling issues. When these are accounted for, the remaining differences can be completely explained by the higher cloud optical thickness derived from POLDER compared to the other instruments. Additionally, a neglect of AOT at SWIR wavelengths in the method used for SCIAMACHY and OMI/MODIS accounts for 26 % of the difference between POLDER and OMI/MODIS DRE.

scholarly journals Microbial, chemical-physical, rheological and organoleptic characterisation of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) salami

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ranucci ◽  
Rossana Roila ◽  
Dino Miraglia ◽  
Chiara Arcangeli ◽  
Francesca Vercillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Game Meat ◽  
The Difference

Game meat and related products are important in the promotion of local economies and rural areas. Microbiological, chemical–physical, rheological and sensory characteristics of fermented meat products (salami) made by different percentages of pork and hunted roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) meat were evaluated. The microbiological determination indicated that the products are safe to eat, as neither Listeria monocytogenes nor Salmonella spp. was isolated from the samples. The hygienic adequacy of the process was guaranteed, as there was below 3 log CFU/g of Enterobacteriaceae level in the final products. The proximal composition analyses showed lower lipid levels in comparison to pork salami. The difference in chemical composition affects the rheological and sensory traits of the final products; the products were harder and with higher gumminess when 50% of roe-deer meat was used. Game meat flavour and odour increased with the increasing percentage of roe-deer meat.

CHARACTERISTIC OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY IN EAST INDIAN OCEAN DURING POSITIVE PHASE OF INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE (IOD) OF 1994/1995, 1997/1998, AND 2006/2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramudyo Dipo ◽  
I Wayan Nurjaya ◽  
Fadli Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
Eastern Indian Ocean ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Physical Oceanography ◽  
The South ◽  
Bipolar Structure ◽  
Maturation Phase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Formation Phase

There is an inter-annual phenomenon in the Indian Ocean that occurs because of the interaction between atmosphere and ocean are known Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). IOD is a bipolar structure that characterized by the difference of sea surface temperature to normal. The objectives of this study is to know the characteristic of physical oceanography in the eastern part of Indian Ocean during the formation phase, maturation phase and decay phases of positive IOD. The second objective was to determine the comparative characteristic of physical oceanography in the eastern Indian Ocean between the positive IOD in different years. The strengthening of the South Equatorial Current in transitional seasons I (March-May) followed by early cooling of the SST which is indicated by the formation phase of IOD. At the Southeast monsoon (June to August) and the beginning of the season transition II, there is a visible presence of upwelling in the south of Java, which is then further extends to the peak in September (maturation phase) and begin to disappear in October followed by warming of the SST on the East of Indian Ocean in November (decay phase).Keywords: Indian Ocean Dipole, upwelling, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, Eastern Indian Ocean

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