Ribonuclease activity as a new prospective disease resistance marker in potato

Disease resistance is an important characteristic for each variety of potato, and the search for pathogen resistance markers is one of the primary tasks of plant breeding. Higher plants possess a wide spectrum of enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of nucleic acids; it is believed that protection against pathogens is the most probable function of the enzymes. RNases are actively involved in several immune systems of higher plants, for example, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and genetic silencing, hence RNase activity in plant leaves, as a relatively easily measured parameter, can serve as a good marker for the selection of pathogen resistant varieties. We have analyzed sixteen varieties of potatoes permitted for use on the territory of the Russian Federation and tested the correlation of the level of varietyspecifc ribonuclease (RNase) activity with such economically valuable traits as maturity and resistance to viruses, late blight and common scab. In general, the level of RNase activity was varietyspecifc, which was confrmed by very small values of average squared error for the majority of tested varieties. We have detected a statistically signifcant positive correlation of RNase activity in potato leaves with increased resistance of varieties to phytopathogenic viruses, a negative correlation with resistance to scab and an absence of a signifcant connection with maturity and resistance to late blight, regardless of the organ affected by the oomycete. Thus, the level of RNase activity in potato leaves can be used as a selective marker for resistance to viruses, while varieties with increased RNase activity should be avoided when selecting resistance to scab.

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RNase Activity Prevents the Growth of a Fungal Pathogen in Tobacco Leaves and Increases upon Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance with Elicitin

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.115.4.1557 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 1557-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

E. Galiana ◽

P. Bonnet ◽

S. Conrod ◽

H. Keller ◽

F. Panabieres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Rnase Activity ◽

Tobacco Leaves

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NIM1 Overexpression in Arabidopsis Potentiates Plant Disease Resistance and Results in Enhanced Effectiveness of Fungicides

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.9.1114 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 1114-1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Leslie Friedrich ◽

Kay Lawton ◽

Robert Dietrich ◽

Michael Willits ◽

Rebecca Cade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Plant Disease Resistance ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Wild Type ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Rapid Induction ◽

Dependent Signal

The NIM1 (for noninducible immunity, also known as NPR1) gene is required for the biological and chemical activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of NIM1 in wild-type plants (hereafter referred to as NIM1 plants or lines) results in varying degrees of resistance to different pathogens. Experiments were performed to address the basis of the enhanced disease resistance responses seen in the NIM1 plants. The increased resistance observed in the NIM1 lines correlated with increased NIM1 protein levels and rapid induction of PR1 gene expression, a marker for SAR induction in Arabidopsis, following pathogen inoculation. Levels of salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous signaling molecule required for SAR induction, were not significantly increased compared with wild-type plants. SA was required for the enhanced resistance in NIM1 plants, however, suggesting that the effect of NIM1 overexpression is that plants are more responsive to SA or a SA-dependent signal. This hypothesis is supported by the heightened responsiveness that NIM1 lines exhibited to the SAR-inducing compound benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-car-bothioic acid S-methyl ester. Furthermore, the increased efficacy of three fungicides was observed in the NIM1 plants, suggesting that a combination of transgenic and chemical approaches may lead to effective and durable disease-control strategies.

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Benzothiadiazole induces disease resistance in Arabidopsis by activation of the systemic acquired resistance signal transduction pathway

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10010071.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 481

Author(s):

Kay A. Lawton ◽

Leslie Friedrich ◽

Michelle Hunt ◽

Kris Weymann ◽

Terrance Delaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Signal Transduction Pathway ◽

Transduction Pathway

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Overexpression of the Apple MpNPR1 Gene Confers Increased Disease Resistance in Malus × domestica

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-20-12-1568 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1568-1580 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

M. Malnoy ◽

Q. Jin ◽

E. E. Borejsza-Wysocka ◽

S. Y. He ◽

H. S. Aldwinckle

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Malus Domestica ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽

35S Promoter ◽

Pr Genes

The NPR1 gene plays a pivotal role in systemic acquired resistance in plants. Its overexpression in Arabidopsis and rice results in increased disease resistance and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. An NPR1 homolog, MpNPR1-1, was cloned from apple (Malus × domestica) and overexpressed in two important apple cultivars, Galaxy and M26. Apple leaf pieces were transformed with the MpNPR1 cDNA under the control of the inducible Pin2 or constitutive Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)35S promoter using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Overexpression of MpNPR1 mRNA was shown by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Activation of some PR genes (PR2, PR5, and PR8) was observed. Resistance to fire blight was evaluated in a growth chamber by inoculation of the shoot tips of our own rooted 30-cm-tall plants with virulent strain Ea273 of Erwinia amylovora. Transformed Galaxy lines overexpressing MpNPR1 had 32 to 40% of shoot length infected, compared with 80% in control Galaxy plants. Transformed M26 lines overexpressing MpNPR1 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter also showed a significant reduction of disease compared with control M26 plants. Some MpNPR-overexpressing Galaxy lines also exhibited increased resistance to two important fungal pathogens of apple, Venturia inaequalis and Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Selected transformed lines have been propagated for field trials for disease resistance and fruit quality.

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N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid is a mobile signal that induces systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis

10.1101/288449 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yun Chu Chen ◽

Eric C. Holmes ◽

Jakub Rajniak ◽

Jung-Gun Kim ◽

Sandy Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Pipecolic Acid ◽

In Planta ◽

Global Response ◽

Promising Target ◽

Pathogenesis Related

AbstractSystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a global response in plants induced at the site of infection that leads to long-lasting and broad-spectrum disease resistance at distal, uninfected tissues. Despite the importance of this priming mechanism, the identity of the mobile defense signal that moves systemically throughout plants to initiate SAR has remained elusive. In this paper, we describe a new metabolite, N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (N-OH-Pip), and provide evidence that this molecule is a mobile signal that plays a central role in initiating SAR signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), a key regulator of SAR-associated defense priming, can synthesize N-OH-Pip from pipecolic acid in planta, and exogenously applied N-OH-PIP moves systemically in Arabidopsis and can rescue the SAR-deficiency of fmo1 mutants. We also demonstrate that N-OH-Pip treatment causes systemic changes in the expression of pathogenesis-related genes and metabolic pathways throughout the plant, and enhances resistance to a bacterial pathogen. This work provides new insight into the chemical nature of a mobile signal for SAR and also suggests that the N-OH-Pip pathway is a promising target for metabolic engineering to enhance disease resistance.

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Induced Resistance Responses in Maize

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.7.643 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 643-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

Shericca W. Morris ◽

Bernard Vernooij ◽

Somkiat Titatarn ◽

Mark Starrett ◽

Steve Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Chemical Induction ◽

Pathogen Infection ◽

Chemical Inducers ◽

Maize Plants ◽

And Function

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a widely distributed plant defense system that confers broad-spectrum disease resistance and is accompanied by coordinate expression of the so-called SAR genes. This type of resistance and SAR gene expression can be mimicked with chemical inducers of resistance. Here, we report that chemical inducers of resistance are active in maize. Chemical induction increases resistance to downy mildew and activates expression of the maize PR-1 and PR-5 genes. These genes are also coordinately activated by pathogen infection and function as indicators of the defense reaction. Specifically, after pathogen infection, the PR-1 and PR-5 genes are induced more rapidly and more strongly in an incompatible than in a compatible interaction. In addition, we show that monocot lesion mimic plants also express these defense-related genes and that they have increased levels of salicylic acid after lesions develop, similar to pathogen-infected maize plants. The existence of chemically inducible disease resistance and PR-1 and PR-5 gene expression in maize indicates that maize is similar to dicots in many aspects of induced resistance. This reinforces the notion of an ancient plant-inducible defense pathway against pathogen attack that is shared between monocots and dicots.

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The Elicitor Protein AsES Induces a Systemic Acquired Resistance Response Accompanied by Systemic Microbursts and Micro–Hypersensitive Responses in Fragaria ananassa

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0121-fi ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 46-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Verónica Hael-Conrad ◽

Silvia Marisa Perato ◽

Marta Eugenia Arias ◽

Martín Gustavo Martínez-Zamora ◽

Pía de los Ángeles Di Peto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Calcium Influx ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Death Process ◽

Fragaria Ananassa ◽

Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽

Acremonium Strictum

The elicitor AsES (Acremonium strictum elicitor subtilisin) is a 34-kDa subtilisin-like protein secreted by the opportunistic fungus Acremonium strictum. AsES activates innate immunity and confers resistance against anthracnose and gray mold diseases in strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and the last disease also in Arabidopsis. In the present work, we show that, upon AsES recognition, a cascade of defense responses is activated, including: calcium influx, biphasic oxidative burst (O2⋅− and H2O2), hypersensitive cell-death response (HR), accumulation of autofluorescent compounds, cell-wall reinforcement with callose and lignin deposition, salicylic acid accumulation, and expression of defense-related genes, such as FaPR1, FaPG1, FaMYB30, FaRBOH-D, FaRBOH-F, FaCHI23, and FaFLS. All these responses occurred following a spatial and temporal program, first induced in infiltrated leaflets (local acquired resistance), spreading out to untreated lateral leaflets, and later, to distal leaves (systemic acquired resistance). After AsES treatment, macro-HR and macro–oxidative bursts were localized in infiltrated leaflets, while micro-HRs and microbursts occurred later in untreated leaves, being confined to a single cell or a cluster of a few epidermal cells that differentiated from the surrounding ones. The differentiated cells initiated a time-dependent series of physiological and anatomical changes, evolving to idioblasts accumulating H2O2 and autofluorescent compounds that blast, delivering its content into surrounding cells. This kind of systemic cell-death process in plants is described for the first time in response to a single elicitor. All data presented in this study suggest that AsES has the potential to activate a wide spectrum of biochemical and molecular defense responses in F. ananassa that may explain the induced protection toward pathogens of opposite lifestyle, like hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic fungi.

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