scholarly journals ANALYZING AMERICAN VALUES IN BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 1439-1447
Author(s):  
Siti Nurhasanah ◽  
Marthen Napang ◽  
Syaiful Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Silk Route ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was initiated by Xi Jinping after being elected as the president of China in 2012. BRI connects Asia, Africa, and Europe based on shared-destiny to created trade routes integrates main centers of economic vitality. This project gave benefit for all participating countries, such as providing help for poorer regions. Even China created a financial system that supports this project, called The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and The New Development Bank (NDB). China's efforts to expand its influence in the world are similar to US efforts in the 19th century, known as Manifest Destiny. Americans believed that the US is destined to expand the territories westward approaching Pacific Ocean and spreading democracy. This effort is also highly related to their belief that the US is a City upon a Hill. There was some belief that the US becomes a great country that leads other nations in the world. The focus of this paper is two American beliefs in the context of China's effort to increasing its economic and military power in the world by reactivating the Silk route. The author uses the concept of Tianxia as City upon a Hill and Manifest Destiny in Chinese version in analyzing China's measures to increase its strength on an international level. The author will further analyze how these beliefs being adopted by Chinese government in realizing its dream of regaining the glory of managing silk-road, making it the new silk-road. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), New Silk Route, Manifest Destiny, City upon a Hill, Tianxia

scholarly journals THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHINESE RAILWAY EXPRESS TRAINS

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Thomas Chan Man Hung
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Belt And Road

Introduction. Belt and Road Initiative of China is not something novel. It is the present-day continuation of the millennium-old Eurasian Silk Road that had been disrupted by the colonial expansion of the European powers. After the Cold War even the US and EU have attempted to restore the old Silk Road but with limited success. It was only in 2013 when the Chinese Government announced the Initiative that the world, not just the great powers, has begun once again to speak and think of the revival of the old Silk Road with enthusiasm.

scholarly journals Europe and Central Asia in China’s Belt and Road’ Initiative: A Multidimensional Analysis of Trade Intensiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Vivien Kitty Molnár ◽  
Dechun Huang ◽  
Md. Ekram Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road

From the middle of 90’s, the bilateral trade between China and Europe and Central Asia (EU-CA) has become more important in the world trade. In 2013, the Chinese government introduced its new economic policy, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which opened a new are of the world trade’s history. This paper is attempt to measure strength and nature of bilateral trading relationship between China and EU-CA. Furthermore, we are looking for the answer how the BRI is affecting on the studied countries’ economies. Many statistical indices can be used to measure international trade relations. This paper has used one such index such as trade intensity. Trade intensity indices have been calculated for the period from 1997 to 2017. Described intensity indices of bilateral trade relations, both countries will help determine how intensively countries that trade with each other. Thus, this study found that intensity between two countries is high and the BRI did not increase the trade intensiveness between China and EU-CA as we were expecting.

scholarly journals CHINESE CULTURAL VALUES AS A PART OF "BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE" PROJECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Fei Xie ◽  
Nataliia Kalashnyk ◽  
Zhenxuan Fan ◽  
Oksana Mkrtichan ◽  
Valeriia Hryhorenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013. Some experts believe that this project is an attempt to spread Chinese dominance in the region and adjacent territories through the economical initiative. But together with the economic purposes, the BRI aims spreading the Chinese cultural and citizenship values over the local cultures of the countries involved by forming a common cultural space. This article aims to show how the Chinese government uses the BRI Project to demonstrate the achievements of Chinese society in social and cultural life, introduce the modern China to the world, level stereotypes about the Chinese worldview and lifestyle, which were formed in the world due to a certain isolation of China, lack of reliable information about China in the world and some other reasons. At the article the following methods, typical for theoretical research, were used: observation, analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparing, narration, conclusion making etc. The result of the research is the summation of implicit information and the confirmation of the hypothesis that this project is of great cultural importance (to familiarize the world with modern China and its socio-cultural achievements more than in the opposite direction) and uses a wide range of tools to achieve goals.  

scholarly journals مبادرة الحزام والطريق: نشأة وأهداف / The Belt and Road Initiative: Origin and Objectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Ding Long
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy initiated by Chinese government that seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of increasing commercial exchange, stimulating economic growth and improving regional integration. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative defines five major priorities, namely policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. The BRI has been associated with large investment programs in infrastructure projects. It is also an increasingly important umbrella mechanism for China’s bilateral trade with BRI partners.

Albert Herrmann: A missing link in establishing the Silk Road as a concept for Trans-Eurasian networks of trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-808
Author(s):  
Håkan Wahlquist
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Book Title ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Sven Hedin ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Elusive Concept ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road, or Silk Roads, has proven to be a productive but at the same time elusive concept, increasingly used as an evocative metaphor. With China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’, it has found fresh invocations and audiences. After it was coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen in the 19th century it might very well have been forgotten in the 20th century if it had not been used by Sven Hedin in 1936 as a book title. And Hedin may not have used it if he had not worked closely with the German historical geographer Albert Herrmann. This paper explores these interactions, which have had enduring consequences.

China

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-168
Author(s):  
John R. Allen ◽  
F. Ben Hodges ◽  
Julian Lindley-French
Keyword(s):  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Transatlantic Relationship ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Eu

What threat does China pose to Europe’s future defence? The US has long been a ‘European’ actor; China is fast becoming one. The impact of the irresistible rise of China on Europe’s future defence will be profound post-COVID-19. Most notably, China is imposing a form of ‘imperial overstretch’ on the US, forcing it to make choices of weakness. China is also a Jekyll and Hyde—both constructive and invasive. COVID-19 has revealed the extent to which China seeks to exploit globalization/Chinaization to impose its will. The Belt and Road Initiative and the indebtedness of many European states already enables China to exert its influence through those states on the EU, NATO, and the transatlantic relationship. As such, the rise of China is the biggest single geopolitical change factor to impact Europe’s defence since 1939. It also implies a nightmare in which China and Russia join forces to weaken the Americans by creating simultaneous chaos the world over, rendering European defence incapable at a time and place of Beijing and Moscow’s choosing.

scholarly journals The Politics of Chinese Investment in Africa under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Andika Raka Dianjaya
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Potential Partner ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Risk Investment ◽  
Political Economy Approach

BRI project that will be held by China to connect countries in Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa through Maritime Silk Road and Land Silk Road. This project will accelerate economy between countries who joined with this project. Africa as the potential partner have abundant resources energy that China require to maintain their position as the largest industrial producer in the world. China offering investment total of $ 60 billion to Africa and pledge to assist them to build infrastructure, technology, agriculture and any project that Africa need to develop their countries so they can compete in this globalization revolution industrial era. On this paper, we will analyse China position with their BRI project in Africa using Political Economy Approach by Weingast & Wittman and why China willingly to give investment total of $ 60 billion to Africa which is some Africa countries maybe can’t pay back their loans. Is this will become risk investment for China itself in the future?

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW OF BEIJINGS BELT AND ROAD CORRIDORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Ijaz Khalid ◽  
Syed Umair Jalal ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Communication Infrastructure ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Road Corridors ◽  
Economic Zones

This paper explores the rationale and factors that led to the adoption of Beijings Belt and Road Initiative. The study analysis the land corridors in detail and investigate its progress and challenges posed to each corridor. This paper aims to find out the real motives behind the overall concept of Belt and Road corridors and the benefits that it brings to China and participant states. Additionally, the paper examines the origin, capacity and extortions faced to BRI while making it a reality. This project plans greater trade and industrial activities through energy and communication infrastructure, activating of ports and construction of economic zones. The studies found that the project is more than just an economic investment corridor which will further boost PRC economy; it is also a strategic asset for the Chinese government which could provide strategic depth against its rivals powers like the US and its allies which are trying to contain China.

scholarly journals Chinese World Order and Pakistan: Emerging Trends and Prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (II) ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad Qasim ◽  
Noor Fatima ◽  
Musharaf Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
World Order ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Economic recession of 2009 marked the end of the US dominance in the world. The subsequent period brought transition in the global order. China stepped forward by taking “Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)”, establishing Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and creating alternative forums to engage various regions by assuming a global role. Chinese World Order here is not aimed at referring to the world dominated by China but Chinese sphere of influence with its greater role. Pakistan’s profile has improved with success against terrorism, Chinese investment and interest by other countries to invest under China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC is a flagship project of BRI which enables Pakistan’s growth and extend it economic integration with China. Pakistan’s close partnership with China enables it to play a greater political role in South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, the Islamic world and the world at large.

scholarly journals Cyfrowy Jedwabny Szlak i wzrastające znaczenie Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w rywalizacji o technologiczne przywództwo na świecie

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 116-131
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Digital Silk Road and the growing significance of the People’s Republic of China in the competition over technological supremacy in the world Over the past few years, many scientists have analyzed China’s Belt and Road Initiative, but very few have studied a significant component of this initiative – the Digital Silk Road (DSR). Although the attention regarding the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative is focused mainly on the implementation of international transport infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways or ports, it seems important to pay attention to the technological component of this project. The main goal of the article is to present the most comprehensive information possible on the Digital Silk Road and to investigate Chinese activities in this area. It should be emphasized that the early stage of development, namely the planning of the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as the Digital Silk Road, raises many scientific questions, such as: what is the Digital Silk Road? What actions have been taken to implement it? What challenges and threats can it generate? Will the Digital Silk Road contribute to an even greater exposure – the technological, growing role of China in the world? Undoubtedly, the Digital Silk Road, which is a platform promoting the development of digital connections between the countries participating in the initiative, can help spread Chinese digital “inventions – products.” In addition, it may contribute to facilitating the economic and social development of the countries along the initiative, thus improving the level of economic development of the beneficiary countries and generating new international competitive advantages. The Digital Silk Road is an inherent requirement for building China’s digital power in the world, and therefore a current and very important research area. The work on this article uses desk research on the changing position of the People’s Republic of China in the competition for technological leadership in the world, as well as the consequences it entails.

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