COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE AND PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED POLYACRYLAMIDE – LOW-SOLID NONDISPERSED DRILLING MUD WITH RESPECT TO PROPER-TY ENHANCEMENT AND SHALE INHIBITION

During drilling, different problems are encountered that can interfere with smooth drilling processes, including the accumulation of cuttings, reduced penetration rates, pipe sticking, loss of wellbore stability, and loss of circulation. These problems are generally encountered with conventional drilling mud, such as the bentonite–barite mud system. Formation damage is the most common problem encountered in bentonite mud systems with high solid content. In this work, we aimed to formulate two low-solid nondispersed (LSND) muds: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–LSND mud and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)–LSND mud. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate their property enhancements. LSND muds aid in maintaining hole stability and proper cutting removal. The results of this work show that the addition of both CMC and PHPA helps to improve drilling fluid properties; however, the PHPA–LSND mud was found to be superior. Shale swelling is a major concern in the petroleum industry, as it causes various other problems, such as pipe sticking, low penetration rates, and bit wear. The effect of these two LSND polymer muds in inhibiting shale swelling was analyzed using shale collected from the Champhai district of Mizoram, India.

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Investigation of Non-Linear Rheological Characteristics of Barite-Free Drilling Fluids

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6090327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Nataliia Brovkina ◽

Valentin Morenov

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Rheological Parameters ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Gas Wells ◽

Oil And Gas Wells ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽

Drilling Muds

Drilling fluids play an important role in the construction of oil and gas wells. Furthermore, drilling of oil and gas wells at offshore fields is an even more complex task that requires application of specialized drilling muds, which are non-Newtonian and complex fluids. With regard to fluid properties, it is necessary to manage the equivalent circulation density because its high values can lead to fracture in the formation, loss of circulation and wellbore instability. Thus, rheology of the used drilling mud has a significant impact on the equivalent circulation density. The aim of the present research is to develop compositions of drilling muds with a low solids load based on salts of formate acid and improve their rheological parameters for wells with a narrow drilling fluid density range. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide of different molecular weights was proposed as a replacement for hydrolized polyacrylamide. The experiment was conducted on a Fann rotary viscometer. The article presents experimentally obtained data of indicators such as plastic viscosity, yield point, nonlinearity index and consistency coefficient. Experimental data were analyzed by the method of approximation. Analysis is performed in order to determine the most suitable rheological model, which describes the investigated fluids’ flow with the least error.

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Green Fluid Technology: How Food Wastes Can Revolutionize the Oil and Gas Industry

10.2118/205681-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abo Taleb Tuama Al-Hameedi ◽

Husam Hasan Alkinani ◽

Shari Dunn-Norman

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Food Wastes ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Personnel Safety ◽

Exposure Risks

Abstract Some conventional drilling fluid additives utilized to adjust drilling fluid properties can lead to many issues related to personnel safety and the environment. Thus, there is a need for alternative materials that have less impact on personnel safety and the environment. Many researchers have begun to investigate new alternatives, one example is food wastes. Due to their eco-friendly properties and their vast availability, food wastes are a good candidate that can be exploited as drilling fluid additives. In this work, five different concentrations of eggshells powder (ESP) were added to a reference fluid and the mud weight was measured using mud balance to understand the effects of ESP on mud weight. The results were compared with five concentrations of two commonly used drilling fluid additives - calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and barite. The findings showed that the drilling fluid blends with ESP have significantly outperformed the drilling fluid blends with barite and CaCO3 and for all concentrations in terms of mud weight improvement. The second best blends in terms of mud weight enhancement were the blends with barite and followed by the blends CaCO3. In conclusion, food waste material - ESP outperforming two of the most common drilling fluid additives shows a potential for ESP and other food wastes to be utilized as drilling mud additives in the petroleum industry. This will reduce the harmful chemicals disposed to the environment, reduce exposure risks of drilling crews to harmful chemicals, minimize drilling fluid cost, and revolutionize the industry while contributing to the economy overall.

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The Influence of SiO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Properties of Water-Based Mud

Volume 8: Polar and Arctic Sciences and Technology; Petroleum Technology ◽

10.1115/omae2017-61276 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Petar Mijić ◽

Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec ◽

Borivoje Pašić

Keyword(s):

Filter Cake ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Wellbore Stability ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Shale Formations ◽

Wellbore Instability ◽

Water Based ◽

Fluid Properties

About 75% of all formations drilled worldwide are shale formations and 90% of all wellbore instability problems occur in shale formations. This increases the overall cost of drilling. Therefore, drilling through shale formations, which have nanosized pores with nanodarcy permeability still need better solutions since the additives used in the conventional drilling fluids are too large to plug them. One of the solutions to drilling problems can be adjusting drilling fluid properties by adding nanoparticles. Drilling mud with nanoparticles can physically plug nanosized pores in shale formations and thus reduce the shale permeability, which results in reducing the pressure transmission and improving wellbore stability. Furthermore, the drilling fluid with nanoparticles, creates a very thin, low permeability filter cake resulting in the reduction of the filtrate penetration into the shale. This thin filter cake implies high potential for reducing the differential pressure sticking. In addition, borehole problems such as too high drag and torque can be reduced by adding nanoparticles to drilling fluids. This paper presents the results of laboratory examination of the influence of commercially available nanoparticles of SiO2 (dry SiO2 and water-based dispersion of 30 wt% of silica), and TiO2 (water-based dispersion of 40 wt% of titania) in concentrations of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% on the properties of water-based fluids. Special emphasis is put on the determination of lubricating properties of the water-based drilling fluids. Nanoparticles added to the base mud without any lubricant do not improve its lubricity performance, regardless of their concentrations and type. However, by adding 0.5 wt% SiO2-disp to the base mud with lubricant, its lubricity coefficient is reduced by 4.6%, and by adding 1 wt% TiO2-disp to the base mud with lubricant, its lubricity coefficient is reduced by 14.3%.

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Temperature Augmented Visual Method for Initial Screening of Hydrate Inhibitors

Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles ◽

10.2516/ogst/2017040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tinku Saikia ◽

Vikas Mahto

Keyword(s):

Gas Hydrates ◽

Induction Time ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Academic Research ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Visual Methods ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Initial Screening ◽

Visual Method ◽

Augmented Method

The formation of gas hydrates in oil & gas pipelines and drilling fluid flow lines is a major issue in the petroleum industry. Gas hydrate inhibitors are normally used to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates in the pipelines/flowlines. Initial screening of hydrate inhibitors and AntiAgglomerants (AA) requires a safe and economical experimental setup/method. Conventional visual method was used for initial screening of hydrate inhibitors in many researches. Some researchers also suggested modified visual methods, but all of them lacks accurate measurement of induction time and found to be inappropriate for experimental solutions like drilling mud, etc. In this work, a temperature augmented visual method was presented which can be used in academic research laboratories for study and initial screening of hydrate inhibitors. This method is capable of parallel screening of inhibitors and determines hydrate induction time precisely. Experiments were conducted to determine the hydrate induction time of different inhibitors using augmented method and compared with conventional visual method. The developed method found to be more precise in determining the induction time of hydrates in all types of experimental solutions.

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Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-based Drilling Fluid Using Artificial Intelligence

10.2118/204597-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Farqad Hadi ◽

Ali Noori ◽

Hussein Hussein ◽

Ameer Khudhair

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

High Performance ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Solid Content ◽

Rheological Parameters ◽

Water Based ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Drilling Operations ◽

Marsh Funnel

Abstract It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works present valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, continuous and regular determination of the rheological mud properties can perform its essential functions during well construction. More uncertainties in planning the drilling fluid properties meant that more challenges may be exposed during drilling operations. This study presents two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid based on other simple measurable properties. While mud density (MW), marsh funnel (MF), and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output functions or models are plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), apparent viscosity (AV), and gel strength. The prediction methods were demonstrated by means of a field case in eastern Iraq, using datasets from daily drilling reports of two wells in addition to the laboratory measurements. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error RMSE) have been used in this study. The current results of this study support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. However, a scattering around each fit curve is observed which proved that one rheological property alone is not sufficient to estimate other properties. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties based on simple and quick equipment as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.

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Improvement of the Rheological and Filtration Properties of Drilling Mud Using the Syrian Clay

Journal of Engineering ◽

10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 211-230

Author(s):

Adnan Ibrahim Barodi

Keyword(s):

Xanthan Gum ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Clay Concentration ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Drilling Operations ◽

Solid Part ◽

Time Required ◽

Filtration Properties

Drilling fluid properties and formulation play a fundamental role in drilling operations. The Classical water-based muds prepared from only the Syrian clay and water without any additives((Organic and industrial polymers) are generally poor in performance. Moreover, The high quantity of Syrian clay (120 gr / l) used in preparing drilling fluids. It leads to a decrease in the drilling speed and thus an increase in the time required to complete the drilling of the well. As a result, the total cost of drilling the well increased, as a result of an increase in the concentration of the solid part in the drilling fluid. In this context, our study focuses on the investigation of the improvement in drilling mud Prepared from the Syrian clay by reducing the clay concentration to (50 gr / L). And compensate for the remaining amount (70 gr / l) of clay by adding (natural and industrial polymers) The rheological properties and filtration are measured at different concentrations of polymers .. In light of the experiments, we determine the polymers' concentrations that gave good results in improving the flow properties and controlling the Filter. It is polymers that have given good results:، HEC، HEC and Xanthan Gum PAC and HEC، CMCHV، PolyAcryl Amid ، Xanthan Gum .

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SUMHOLE DRILLING: WELLBORE STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS BASED UPON FIELD AND LABORATORY DATA

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj95032 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 544

Author(s):

M.A. Addis ◽

R.G. Jeffrey

Keyword(s):

Field Data ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Wellbore Stability ◽

Wellbore Instability ◽

Attractive Option ◽

Different Diameters ◽

Fluid Design

Slimhole drilling is becoming an attractive option as it provides significant cost savings in the petroleum industry. Furthermore, many of the technical obstacles in adapting slimhole drilling for the petroleum industry have been addressed, such as rig modifications, small volume kick detection, drilling fluid design, etc. However, wellbore stability in slimholes is largely taken for granted, when it could potentially increase costs dramatically. In this paper, a review of the available information on the effects of hole size on hole stability is presented. Wellbore stability in holes of different diameters is discussed qualitatively based on published laboratory data and unpublished field data. The quantitative assessment of wellbore instability in slimholes is addressed using observations of instability in a well in which the far field stresses were measured.The field data presented here suggest that slimhole wells are not more stable than conventional wells. The slimhole drilled in NSW shows that even using the most conservative prediction model, wellbore instability would not be predicted—instability was however, observed.

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Rheological Study of Nanosilica Based Drilling Fluid

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.128 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 575 ◽

pp. 128-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nur Hashimah Alias ◽

Nuurhani Farhanah Mohd Tahir ◽

T.A.T. Mohd ◽

N.A. Ghazali ◽

E. Yahya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Xanthan Gum ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Wellbore Stability ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Well Completion ◽

Strength Tests ◽

Water Based ◽

The Stability

In drilling and well completion operations, drilling fluid is a crucial element as it is employed for the purposes of several functions. The main functions of drilling fluid are to control formation pressure, maintain the wellbore stability, transport the cuttings up to surface to clean the borehole bottom as well as to lubricate and cool the drill bit. Moreover, it is used to minimize the drilling damage to reservoir and suspend cuttings when the pumping is stop, hence it will not falling back down the borehole. The purpose of this study is to formulate new drilling mud formulation modified with nanosilica. Six samples of water based mud (WBM) were prepared using three types of polymers, (Xanthan Gum, Hydro Zan Plus and Hydro Star HT), starch and nanosilica. Basic rheological tests such as density, viscosity and pH were carried out. The density test was carried out using mud balance meanwhile the pH test was using pH meter. Theplasticviscosity, yield point and gel strength tests were carried out using viscometer. Besides that, physical observation was also performed for as the stability test. The results concluded that water based mud incorporated with polymer Hydro Zan Plus and nanosilica can be a potential candidate to be commercialized as a smart nanodrilling fluid.

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