Gross morphological and biometrical Studies on the typical cervical vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
B.S. Dhote ◽  
I. Singh ◽  
D. Mahanta ◽  
S. Tamilselvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Transverse Foramen ◽  
The Third

The present study was carried out on the third (C3), fourth (C4) and fifth (C5) cervical vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. It was found that the transverse process was bifid with a transverse foramen located at its base. The upper part of the transverse process projected backward and was short and stout, while the lower part was directed downward and forward and was found to be longer and more plate-like. The bodies of C3-C5 tended to become shorter and wider from front to backwards. The supraspinous process was found to be short and centrally tuberous in C3 that gradually increased in height and length to C5 with forward inclination. The articular processes of the typical cervical vertebrae slightly convex cranially and concave caudally. The posterior articular facets of C5 were egg shaped, whereas those of C4 were like the map of Africa in the Blue bull. A well defined infraspinous process projected from the vertebral body that divided the base into two halves. The biometrical observations on different parameters of typical cervical vertebra reflected significance (P less than 0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Occurrence of False Aneurysms During Halal Slaughtering and Consequences on the Animal’s State of Consciousness

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1183
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Bozzo ◽  
Elisabetta Bonerba ◽  
Roberta Barrasso ◽  
Rocco Roma ◽  
Francesco Luposella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
False Aneurysm ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aneurysm Formation ◽  
Cutting Point

This study evaluated the occurrence of false aneurysms and reflexes in bovines, associated with the point along the neck where the cut was performed. The survey was carried out on a total of 1200 male beef cattle, belonging mainly to the Charolais and Limousin breeds, aged between twelve and twenty-four months. In the slaughterhouse, three operators, identified by convention as Operator C4, Operator C2, and Operator C1, performed the Halal slaughtering. Each operator carried out the slaughter of 400 animals and, on the basis of his own professional training, performed the cutting of the vessels at different points along the neck: Operator C4 between the third and fourth cervical vertebrae; Operator C2 at the level of the second cervical vertebra; and Operator C1 at the first cervical vertebra. The occurrence of false aneurysms was assessed on the basis of the different cutting site used by the three operators. Then, the evaluation of consciousness indicators, that is, rhythmic breathing and eye response, closely related to a slow bleeding process and to a delayed loss of brain function, was carried out 90 s post-bleeding. The group of cattle slaughtered by Operator C4 had a prevalence of false aneurysms of 10.25%. Conversely, the other two groups of cattle slaughtered by Operators C2 and C1 showed false aneurysm formation in 7.25% of each case. Further, 37.5% of the animals (18 for Operator C4, 17 for Operator C2, and 16 for Operator C1) with signs of consciousness 90 s after sticking were consequent to the onset of false aneurysms and, more precisely, they were owing to a late second cut of the vessel carried out by the operator, when false aneurysms occurred. The results of the research showed that the cutting point chosen by the operator is a key element in determining the onset of false aneurysms.

scholarly journals ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF THE LEFT VERTEBRAL ARTERY. Origen anómalo de la arteria vertebral izquierda

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Divya Premchandran ◽  
Sampath Madhyastha
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Sympathetic Trunk ◽  
Anomalous Origin ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
Transverse Foramen ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Las variaciones de los principales vasos arteriales son de importancia clínica. La arteria vertebral (VA) normalmente surge de la arteria subclavia. El presente informe describe un origen anómalo de la arteria vertebral izquierda (LVA) desde el arco aórtico entre el origen de la subclavia izquierda y la arteria carótida común izquierda. Esta arteria cruzó superficialmente de medial a lateral el tronco simpático izquierdo. La VA izquierda y derecha entraban en los agujeros transversos de la quinta vértebra cervical. Aunque el origen anómalo de la VA es bien conocida, su origen y la entrada a través del foramen transversal y sus relaciones con tronco simpático son de importancia clínica y durante los procedimientos vasculares en la región de cabeza y cuello tales como los stent de arteria carótida o vertebral y las intervenciones intracraneales. Variations of major arterial vessels are of clinical significance. The vertebral artery (VA) normally arises from the subclavian artery. The present report describes an anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery (LVA) from the aortic arch between the origin of the left subclavian and the left common carotid arteries. This artery was crossed superficially from medial to lateral by the left sympathetic trunk. The left and right VA entered the foramen on the transverse process of the fifth cervical vertebra. Though the anomalous origin of the VA is known, its origin and entry through the transverse foramen and its relations with sympathetic trunk are of importance during clinical and vascular procedures in the head and neck region like carotid artery stents, VA stents and intracranial interventions.

scholarly journals The Measurement of Height Via 3D Scans of the Seventh Cervical Vertebra in Iranian Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Reza Saadat Mostafavi ◽  
Azadeh Memarian ◽  
Omid Motamedi ◽  
Arash Heidari
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inferior Surface ◽  
Seventh Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Linear Differential

Background: The cervical vertebrae are more durable than other skeletal components, and maybe the only remains of a deceased, and their role in determining the height of the deceased has been underestimated. The present study investigated the role of linear differential dimensions of the seventh cervical vertebrae in determining the height of the Iranian adult population using CT scans.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, height were evaluated by 10 indices of the seventh cervical vertebra. The indices were obtained through a CT scan of 66 adult patients, ≥18 years of age, who referred to Rasoul Akram and Firoozgar hospitals for spine CT scan. The sampling method was random, and the study was performed during the first six months of 2018. Results: Four indices of the Length of the Inferior Facets) LIF, (Length of the Inferior Surface of the Vertebral Body) LIVB, (Width of the Inf surface of the Vertebral Body) WIVB, (Length of Spinous Process ) LSP. were statistically significant differences.Conclusion: The results of this study show the accuracy of linear dimensions of the seventh cervical vertebrae for determining height from skeletal remains in the Iranian adult population.

scholarly journals Identification of Race: A Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric and Conventional Analysis of Human Fourth Cervical Vertebrae in Adult Malaysian Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ja Young Shin ◽  
Aspalilah Alias ◽  
Eric Chung ◽  
Wei Lin Ng ◽  
Yuan Seng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Malaysian Population

Introduction: Estimation of race plays a significant role in establishing personal identity in forensic anthropology. A cervical vertebra is one of the bones that is least researched in forensic applications. Our study aims to investigate the  morphologic variations of the fourth cervical vertebrae (C4) between the different major races in the adult Malaysian population using a three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics method. Methods: Computer tomography images of C4 vertebra, which consist of 386 subjects (169 Malay, 82 Chinese, and 135 Indian) were collected retrospectively from University of Malaya. Twenty-eight landmarks were placed on the images. Procrustes MANOVA, canonical variates analysis(CVA), discriminant function analysis (DFA), and linear measurement were performed using Planmeca Romexis, Checkpoint Stratovan, Morpho J, and Graphpad Prism software respectively to analyze the morphological variations of C4. Results: Procrustes MANOVA showed significant differences in the shape (p <0.0001) and centroid size (p = 0.0003) of the C4 vertebra between races. Canonical variate analysis showed significant differences for Mahalanobis (p <0.0001) and Procrustes (p <0.0001) distances among races. Besides that, a cross-validation value of 66.5% was demonstrated by discriminant function analysis. The use of linear measurements reveals no significant differences between the races, thesemeasurements are the vertebral body height, anterior-posterior length of the vertebral body, length of superior articular facet, and spinous process length. Both intra- and inter-observational reliabilities showed that acceptable human errors for measurement accuracy. Conclusions: Morphologic variations in the shape of C4 can assist in race estimation of the adult Malaysian population using the 3D geometric morphometric approach.

scholarly journals Morphometric Analysis of V2 Segment of Vertebral Artery in Patients with Symptomatic Neck Pain in South Indian Population – A CT Angiography Based Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 928-932
Author(s):  
S. G. Mathupriya ◽  
P. S. Arun Vignesh ◽  
S. Vishnu Raj ◽  
Abhinav Gandra ◽  
Nitesh Kumar Rathi
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Transverse Foramen ◽  
Medial Margin ◽  
Longus Colli ◽  
Anterior Tubercle

Objectives: The morphometric changes in the vertebral artery are essential for various interventions. Inadequate details about it can lead to risk of vertebral artery injury and other complications. This study explains the normal anatomical course of V2 segment of vertebral artery which is more prone for iatrogenic injury. Materials and Method: 25 adult patients with symptomatic neck pain were involved in the study. Various measurements were made from seventh cervical vertebra (C7) to the third cervical vertebra (C3) that included Distance from midline to VA, Distance from medial margin of Longus Colli to VA, Perpendicular distance from anterior margin of transverse process to center of VA, Horizontal distance from anterior tubercle to VA, sagittal and coronal diameter of the transverse foramen and vertebral artery. Result: Distance from midline, Distance from medial margin of Longus Colli, Perpendicular distance from anterior margin of transverse process to center of VA and Horizontal distance from anterior tubercle were increased towards right compared to left side. The sagittal and coronal diameter of the transverse foramen and vertebral artery decreased from C6 to C3 vertebra. Vertebral artery dominance was seen on left side in all cases. Conclusion: Preoperative assessment by computed tomography angiography helps to know the course of the vertebral artery, understand its patterns and assess various abnormalities thereby aids in preventing complications in future surgeries.

scholarly journals STUDY OF ACCESSORY FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIA IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

2013 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 097-099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pretty Rathnakar ◽  
Remya K. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Seventh Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Accessory Foramen

AbstractThe cervical vertebrae presents foramen transversaria in each transverse process. In all but the seventh cervical vertebra, the foramen normally transmits vertebral artery and vein and a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion.140 cervical vertebrae were studied. Variations were noticed in the number of foramen transversarium unilaterally and bilaterally. Variations in foramen transversarium may indicate the variation in course of vertebral arteries

scholarly journals Load Measurement of the Cervical Vertebra C7 and the Head of Passengers of a Car While Driving Across Uneven Terrain

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3849
Author(s):  
Martin Svoboda ◽  
Milan Chalupa ◽  
Karel Jelen ◽  
František Lopot ◽  
Petr Kubový ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
On The Road

The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured. Experimental measurements were performed for different variants of driving conditions on a 28-year-old and healthy man. The measurement’s main objective was to determine the acceleration values of the seats in the vehicle in the vertical movement of parts of the vehicle cabin and to determine the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver and passenger in a car when driving over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at various driving speeds and diverse distributions of obstacles on the road. The acceleration values on the vehicle’s axles and the structure of the driver’s and front passenger’s seats, under the buttocks, at the top of the head (Vertex Parietal Bone) and the C7 cervical vertebra (Vertebra Cervicales), were measured. The result of the experiment was to determine the maximum magnitudes of acceleration in the vertical direction on the body of the driver and the passenger of the vehicle when passing a passenger vehicle over obstacles. The analysis of the experiment’s results is the basis for determining the future direction of the research.

scholarly journals Accuracy Verification of an Anatomical Model Manufactured Using Low-Cost Additive Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Teodor Tóth ◽  
Patrik Varga ◽  
Branko Štefanovič ◽  
Lucia Bednarčíková ◽  
Marek Schnitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Additive Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Training

The paper deals with the separation of the third cervical vertebra using the software VGStudio MAX, Mimics, and inVesalius. During the separation, various parameters of the threshold were used to determine the effect. The comparison of models from Mimics and inVesalius to VGStudio MAX showed that the cumulative variance distribution for 95% surface coverage is less than 0.935 mm. When comparing medically oriented software, Mimics and inVesalius, the deviation was less than 0.356 mm. The model was made of polylactic acid (PLA) material on a low-cost 3D printer, Prusa i3 MK2.5 MMU1. The printed model was scanned by four scanners: Artec Eva, 3Shape D700, Steinbichler Comet L3D, and Creaform EXAscan. The outputs from the scanners were compared to the reference model (standard tessellation language (STL) model for 3D printing) as well as to the scanner with the best accuracy (3Shape). Compared to the publications below, the analysis of deviations was evaluated on the entire surface of the model and not on selected dimensions. The cumulative variance distribution for comparing the output from the 3D scanner with the reference model, as well as comparing the scanners, shows that the deviation for 95% of the surface coverage is at the level of 0.300 mm. Since the model of the vertebra is planned for education and training, the used software and technologies are suitable for use in the design and the production process.

scholarly journals Functional cervicothoracic boundary modified by anatomical shifts in the neck of giraffes

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 150604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megu Gunji ◽  
Hideki Endo
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Thoracic Vertebra ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Neck Movement ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Seventh Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Longus Colli

Here we examined the kinematic function of the morpho- logically unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. The first thoracic vertebra of the giraffe displayed similar shape to the seventh cervical vertebra in general ruminants. The flexion experiment using giraffe carcasses demonstrated that the first thoracic vertebra exhibited a higher dorsoventral mobility than other thoracic vertebrae. Despite the presence of costovertebral joints, restriction in the intervertebral movement imposed by ribs is minimized around the first thoracic vertebra by subtle changes of the articular system between the vertebra and ribs. The attachment area of musculus longus colli , mainly responsible for ventral flexion of the neck, is partly shifted posteriorly in the giraffe so that the force generated by muscles is exerted on the cervical vertebrae and on the first thoracic vertebra. These anatomical modifications allow the first thoracic vertebra to adopt the kinematic function of a cervical vertebra in giraffes. The novel movable articulation in the thorax functions as a fulcrum of neck movement and results in a large displacement of reachable space in the cranial end of the neck. The unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes provides higher flexibility to the neck and may provide advantages for high browsing and/or male competition behaviours specific to giraffes.

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