scholarly journals ​Antagonistic Activity of Panchagavya and Trichoderma spp. against Wilt Complex causing Pathogens of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Author(s):  
H.V. Parmar ◽  
N.M. Gohel

Background: Chickpea wilt complex caused by several soil-borne pathogens is the major yield-reducing malady worldwide. Biological control is one of the best, low-cost and ecologically sustainable method for managing plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. Methods: In this present investigation Panchagavya and Trichoderma spp. were evaluated by following poisoned food technique and dual culture technique against wilt complex causing pathogens i.e. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Result: Among the different isolates of Trichoderma spp. evaluated, Trichoderma viride (AAU isolate) was highly antagonistic to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (52.78%) and F. solani (65.37%) whereas, Trichoderma asperellum (AAU isolate) was highly antagonistic to M. phaseolina (65.93%). Panchagavya at the highest concentration (50%) showed significantly higher efficacy (80.74, 66.62 and 49.67%) in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all three pathogens and at the lowest concentration it was moderately effective.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Kumar ◽  
Ram Chandra ◽  
Lopamudra Behera ◽  
Chetan Keswani ◽  
Estibaliz Sansinenea

Abstract The crop loss due to phytopathogens is a serious problem affecting the entire world. To avoid economic losses due to phytopathogens synthetic chemicals have been used for years generating serious concerns about the human health and environment. Today the use of beneficial microorganisms to treat phytopathogens is gaining attention. In this way, Trichoderma spp. has been used for combating plant diseases and inducing defense response in plants. With this idea in mind, in this study we evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum as single as well as in combination for elevating the defense response and growth promotion activities in potato challenged with Alternaria solani. The mycelial inhibition of A. solani by T. viride and T. harzianum was recorded and compared with control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation revealed the collapsed hyphae and sunken conidia of A. solani due to antagonistic activity of T. viride and T. harzianum. Induction of defense enzymes including TPC, PAL, SOD and total protein content was increased in Trichoderma spp, treated plants as compared with pathogen inoculated plants. HPLC analysis demonstrated higher production in phenolic compounds during combined application of Trichoderma spp. treated potato plants in the response of A. solani infection. Moreover, treatment with Trichoderma spp. consortium showed significant growth promotion in potato plants comparing with the control.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 888-894
Author(s):  
Iqra Haider Khan

Macrophomina phaseolina is a highly destructive pathogen of more than 500 plant species. It is difficult to eradicate it through chemical means as no patented fungicide is available against this pathogen. Biological control is the possible alternative method for its suitable management. The present study was carried out to evaluate the biocontrol potential of five Trichoderma spp. against M. phaseolina and the possible mechanisms of action. Identifications of all the Trichoderma spp. viz. T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. longipile and T. viride were confirmed on molecular basis by using two universal primer pairs namely ITS and EF1. Their biocontrol potential was evaluated in dual culture plate method where T. viride showed the highest inhibitory efficacy (63%) against M. phaseolina. T. koningii, T. hamatum and T. longipile showed akin effects by arresting growth of the pathogen by 46–47% followed by T. harzianum (28%). To find out the mechanisms of action, secondary extrolites of the best biocontrol fungus T. viride were tested against the pathogenic genomic DNA where all the concentrations partially degraded DNA bands after 24 h of incubation and a complete DNA band disappearance was noted after 48 h incubation. In addition, T. viride culture filtrates were partitioned with chloroform and ethyl acetate and subjected to GC-MS analysis for identification of potential antifungal constituents. The most abundant identified volatile compounds in the two organic solvent fractions were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (44.54%), n-hexadecanoic acid (24.02%), hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (14.25%), 9-tricosene, (Z)- (10.43%) and [1,1'-bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2'-hexyl-, methyl ester (10.43%). To conclude, T. viride was the best biocontrol agent against M. phaseolina and acts against the pathogen by DNA disintegration and production of antifungal secondary metabolites. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-792
Author(s):  
Alyssa Swehla ◽  
Abhay K. Pandey ◽  
Ramakrishnan M. Nair

AbstractIn the rice-fallow system, dry root rot (DRR) is an emerging disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata) caused by the necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The pathogen causes extensive production losses. In this study, the bioactivity of four Trichoderma harzianum isolates, namely Th-Dharwad, Th-Raichur, Th-Niphm, and Th-Udaipur procured from the Indian research institutes were evaluated against M. phaseolina of mungbean by the dual culture technique. The efficacy of these T. harzianum isolates were also compared with the effective fungicides such as thiram and carbendazim by the poison food method. Results showed that among the T. harzianum isolates, isolate of Th-Raichur was most effective, exhibiting 76.96% mycelial growth inhibition of the test pathogen. As compared to the thiram, carbendazim was more effective, and exhibited 100% mycelial growth inhibition of the test pathogen. In addition, carbendazim was also more effective than the isolate of Th-Raichur. In the sick pot experiment, mungbean seeds treated with Th-Raichur isolate showed a lower percent incidence of DRR (20%) than the untreated seeds (86.6%). The biological spectrum of Th-Raichur isolate was examined against M. phaseolina isolated from the different hosts such as urdbean and vegetable soybean, alongwith two other root pathogens, namely Fusarium solani of mungbean, and Sclerotium rolfsii of urdbean. The isolate of Th-Raichur showed maximum antagonistic activity against the pathogens M. phaseolina and F. solani of mungbean. Thus, Th-Raichur isolate can be used as a potential fungal biocontrol agent for the reduction of DRR in mungbean.


2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Jaber ◽  
Mohammed A. Fayyadh

Thirty-nine isolates of Actinomycetes were isolated from different sources such as rhizosphere and plant roots of Alfalfa, Clovers, cowpea, Mung bean, sorghum and date palms. Biochemical tests showed that all isolates were gram positive and capable of producing amylase, catalase and gelatinase enzymes. The isolates showed a positive test for gram staining. The isolates were capable of producing the enzymes of amylase, catalase and gelatinase. Dual culture technique showed that Streptomyces griseorubens, S. tendae 6, S. tendae2, S. tendae 5, S. parvulus and S. tendae 6 had high antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina as a zone of inhibition reached 15, 14, 13, 15, 14 and 12mm, respectively. Molecular identification revealed that actinomycetes isolate No 15, 23, 24 and 30 isolated from rhizosphere of Clovers, Sorghum, Alfalfa, Mung bean had 99% similarity with S. tendae while Actinomycetes No 38 isolated from rhizosphere of Cowpea had 99% similarity with S. grseorubens .and isolate No 27 isolated from date palms had 99% similarity with S.parvulus. all isolate were deposited at NCBI with GenBank accession number LC499602.1, LC499603.1, LC499606.1, LC499607.1, LC499604.1, LC499605.1. The isolate of S. griseorubens showed high efficacy in reducing disease. Which was 10.1% compared with 49.5% in control treatment on cowpea. 22.0% in mung bean compared to 43.4% in control treatment. In the field experiment, the results showed that soil treated with Actinomycetes isolates led to an increase in the percentage of seed germination and reduced the percentage of fungus infection. S. griseorubens reduced the percentage of infection to 11.54% compared to 32.33% in control treatment.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 813-817
Author(s):  
Erayya SL ◽  
Nandani Shukla ◽  
Kahkashan Arzoo ◽  
J. Kumar

In vitro efficacy of twenty five Trichoderma isolates (twenty were TCMS series viz., TCMS 2, 4, 5, 12, 14a, 14b, 15, 16, 24, 32, 34, 36, 43, 60, 62, 64, 65, 72, 85 and 93, and five Th series; Th 1, 3, 14, 19 and 32) were ascertained for their antagonistic activity against few major plant pathogenic oomycetes namely, Phytophthora infestans, P. parasitica and Pythium aphenidermatum using dual culture technique. P. infestans was isolated from infected potato leaves and Pythium aphenidermatum from infected brinjal. P. parasitica culture was collected from Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Simla. The present study was conducted at Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. All the 25 Trichodrma isolates were found significantly effective against the test pathogens. TCMS-36 and TCMS-72 were found highly effective against P. aphinidermatum with 59.57 per cent inhibition of radial growth of the fungus. Maximum reduction in mycelial growth of P. infestans was recorded with isolate TCMS-64 (60.40%) followed by TCMS-65 (59.41%), TCMS-34 (58.42%), TCMS-24, TCMS-43 and TCMS-93 with 57.43 per cent inhibition. While, maximum inhibition of P. parasitica was recorded with TCMS-4 (92.75%) followed by TCMS-36 (92.23%), TCMS-2 (91.71%), TCMS-14a (91.17%) and TCMS-32 (90.67%). The selected potential isolates may be applied to sustainable and eco-friendly management of many major crop diseases caused by the oomycetes and other fungi.


2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Bogumił ◽  
Lidia Sas Paszt ◽  
Anna Lisek ◽  
Paweł Trzciński ◽  
Anton Harbuzov

ABSTRACT The antagonistic activity of 52 isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Botrytis cinerea was tested in in vitro conditions using the dual culture technique. The results revealed that all of the Trichoderma isolates had the ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of grey mould. The percentage reduction in the growth of Botrytis cinerea after six days of incubation at 25ºC varied between 45-78%. The isolates Tr43 and Tr52 showed the highest antagonistic activity (Tr43 - 76%; Tr52 - 78%). Biochemical and molecular identification indicated that both isolates were T. atroviride. The isolates showed differences in the utilisation of 11 to 96 different carbon sources. Additional biochemical tests revealed the ability of Tr43 and Tr52 to produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid and chitinases. Neither of the isolates gave positive results regarding phosphate solubilisation on Pikovskaya’s medium.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1501-1510
Author(s):  
Y.S. Mazrou ◽  
◽  
A.H. Makhlouf ◽  
M.M. Hassan ◽  
A. Baazeem ◽  
...  

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma strains with high chitinase production against some plant pathogenic fungi. Methodology: A total of twenty-four Trichoderma isolates were extracted from soil samples collected at different geographical locations in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. These isolates were screened for their chitinase production ability using colloidal chitin media. Six isolates with high chitinase ability were identified as T. harzianum by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. These strains were tested for their ability to degrade chitin into N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. Finally, the biocontrol activities of these Trichoderma strains against pathogenic fungi were tested by dual culture technique. Results: The maximum activity among the chitinolytic enzymes was 0.051 units ml-1 in Trichoderma strain ABSA19, which showed an activity comparable to the control: pure enzyme, (0.047 units ml-1). The lowest activity (0.014 units ml-1) was found in Trichoderma strain MEG2. In dual culture, Trichoderma strain ABSA19 exerted the highest antagonistic activity in addition to hyphal intertwining and degradation using scanning electron microscopy. Finally, 11 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers were used to evaluate the genetic polymorphism among Trichoderma strains, which yielded 133 bands with fragment sizes of 130-3400 bp, 47 (35.3%) of which were polymorphic. Interpretation: The current study confirms the existence of several useful Trichoderma strains with the highest chitinase activity and antagonistic activity against some pathogenic plant fungi that may have a super potential for application in biological control of plant diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
E. K. Wanjiku ◽  
J. W. Waceke ◽  
J. N. Mbaka

Demand for organic avocado fruits, together with stringent food safety standards in the global market, has made producers to use alternative, safe, and consumer-friendly strategies of controlling the postharvest fungal disease of avocado fruits. This study assessed the in vitro efficacy of Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride, T. virens, T. asperellum, and T. harzianum) against isolated avocado stem-end rot (SER) fungal pathogens (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Nectria pseudotrichia, and Fusarium solani) using a dual culture technique. The Trichoderma spp. were also evaluated singly on postharvest “Hass” avocado fruits. Spore suspension at 5 × 104 conidial/ml of the Trichoderma spp. was applied on the avocado fruits at three time points, twenty-four hours before the fungal pathogen (preinoculation), at the same time as the fungal pathogen (concurrent inoculation), and 24 hours after the fungal pathogen (postinoculation). In the in vitro study, T. atroviride showed the highest mycelial growth inhibition against N. parvum (48%), N. pseudotrichia (55%), and F. solani (32.95%), while T. harzianum had the highest mycelial growth inhibition against L. theobromae. Trichoderma asperellum was the least effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all the pathogens. Similarly, T. virens showed the highest mycelial growth inhibition against N. pseudotrichia at 45% inhibition. On postharvest “Hass” fruits, T. atroviride showed the highest efficacy against N. parvum, N. pseudotrichia, and F. solani in all the applications. Trichoderma virens and T. harzianum were most effective against all the pathogens during postinoculation, while Lasiodiplodia theobromae was best controlled by T. virens, T. harzianum, and T. asperellum during postinoculation. Both T. atroviride and T. harzianum present a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides against postharvest diseases of avocado fruits, and further tests under field conditions to be done to validate their efficacy. The possibility of using Trichoderma spp. in the management of SER on avocado fruits at a commercial level should also be explored.


Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Omar A. Hewedy ◽  
Khalid S. Abdel Lateif ◽  
Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽  
Ashwag Shami ◽  
Fawziah M. Albarakaty ◽  
...  

Trichoderma species are known as excellent biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens that cause considerable crop losses. Eight strains of Trichoderma were isolated from five Egyptian regions. They identified based on translation elongation factor-1α (TEF1) sequencing as four different Trichoderma species: Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Optimal growth conditions (temperature and media), and the phosphate solubilization capability of Trichoderma strains were evaluated in vitro. Further, the ability of these strains to antagonize Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Fusarium graminearum was also evaluated. The results revealed that Trichoderma harzianum (Th6) exhibited the highest antagonistic ability against F. solani, M. phaseolina and F. graminearum with inhibition rates of 71.42%, 72.97%, and 84.61%, respectively. Trichoderma viride (Tv8) exhibited the lowest antagonism against the same pathogens with inhibition rates of 50%, 64% and 69.23%, respectively. Simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate the genetic variability of the Trichoderma strains. The results revealed that of 45 RAPD amplified bands, 36 bands (80%) were polymorphic and of SSRs amplified 36 bands, 31 bands (86.11%) were polymorphic. The amplification of calmodulin and β-1,3-endoglucanase was noted at 500 bp and 230 bp, respectively. Data indicated that T. viride (Tv8) had the highest phosphate solubilization index (10.0 mm), while T. harzianum (Th6) had the lowest phosphate solubilization index (4.0 mm). In conclusion, T. harzianum (Th6) had the highest antagonistic activity in dual culture assay along with the growth rate; while T. viride (Tv8) had the highest phosphate solubilization activity. There are still gaps in obtaining new formulations, selecting potent Trichoderma strains to confirm disease control in planta. For improving Trichoderma recommendation in the organic agricultural system and sustaining the fertility of the soil, the field application of highly antagonistic biocontrol agents in different types of soil and plant species will be the first approach toward bio-pesticide treatments along with bio-fertilizer inoculation. Furthermore, secondary metabolites will be investigated for the most promising strains with the combination of different pathogens and application timing.


Author(s):  
Akhilesh Kumar Kulmitra ◽  
Neha Sahu ◽  
V.B. Sanath Kumar ◽  
Thejesha A. G. ◽  
Amlan Ghosh ◽  
...  

The five different bio-agents viz., Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. virens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated against Pyricularia oryzae at four and eight days after incubation through dual culture technique. Among the five different bio-agents, highest per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of fungus was recorded in T. virens i.e. 67 per cent and 70 percent after four and eight days after incubation respectively with mean of 68.5 per cent followed by Trichoderma viride with the inhibition of 61 and 63 per cent respectively with mean of 62 per cent. The Pseudomonas fluorescens did not show any inhibition of mycelial growth of P. oryzae as the pathogen over grew the bio-agents.


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