Presence of some mycotoxins in peanuts from harvest to storage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lavkor Meena ◽  
I. Var ◽  
S. Saglam ◽  
O. Uckun ◽  
A. and O. Tekin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Control Management

In this study, aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid levels on the second crop of peanuts collected from 102 different research areas of Osmaniye and Adana, Turkey in 2016 was determined from harvest, drying, pre-storage and storage. During the periods of the research, it was found that aflatoxin levels in 86 out of 102 contaminated samples were ranged from 0.2 to 2177.2 ìg/kg. However, cyclopiazonic acid, another mycotoxin investigated in this study has not been found in any of the 102 peanut samples. When aflatoxin contamination compared in different periods; it was observed that the aflatoxin level in storage and drying (97%) periods were found to be higher than the harvest (66%) and pre-storage (71%). The statistical analysis showed that significant differences in the aflatoxins in drying, and storage periods. Therefore, for preventing grains from aflatoxins damage control management strategies need to be improved.

Survey for Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in 1973 Crop Corn Stored on Farms and in Country Elevators

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Leonard Stoloff ◽  
Sara Henry ◽  
Octave J Francis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A total of 315 marketable and 57 obviously damaged corn samples were collected at 116 different farms and country elevators located in the United States in counties selected from among those producing more than 1 million bushels of corn in 1972. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins and zearalenone. The most striking correlations observed were between geographical area and mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin contamination was most frequently encountered in the Southeast-Appalachia areas with a 44% incidence of marketable corn with detectable aflatoxins. Zearalenone was most frequently encountered in the Corn Belt with a 10% incidence in marketable corn from that region. When mycotoxin contamination was found in an establishment, most of the samples from that establishment were contaminated. There was no correlation between mycotoxin contamination and storage practices nor could the observed contamination of marketable corn be related to the contamination of the obviously damaged grain. These observations plus correlations with the geographic incidence and aflatoxin level distribution of published field contamination data suggest the possibility of a common contamination mode.

scholarly journals Awareness, handling and storage factors associated with aflatoxin contamination in spices marketed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
S.S. Fundikira ◽  
S. De Saeger ◽  
M.E. Kimanya ◽  
J.K. Mugula
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

A structured questionnaire was used to collect information of awareness, knowledge and practices associated with aflatoxin contamination in spices from 30 retailers in Dar es Salaam. Aflatoxin contamination in spices was analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection using post column derivatization. Data were statistically analysed to assess factors associated with aflatoxin contamination in the study community. 58% of the spice samples were contaminated and the mean of total aflatoxin level in ginger, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom was 2.67, 2.88, 2.79 and 2.26 μg/kg, respectively. Significant majorities (96.7%) of the respondents were not aware of aflatoxin contamination of spices during storage and its effect on health. Farmers as source where spices were procured and storage time of more than 14 days showed significant association with aflatoxin contamination with odds ratio (OR) = 0.178, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.061-0.525, P=0.002 and OR=3.608, 95% CI=1.099-11.845, P=0.034, respectively. This is the first report of aflatoxin contamination in spices consumed in Tanzania. The levels of contamination are high and associated spices that was procured from farmers and long storage time. This calls for urgent raising of awareness and knowledge on good management practices for prevention of aflatoxin contamination of spices in Tanzania.

Periphytic microbial response to environmental phosphate bioavailability – relevance to P management in paddy fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchao Zhang ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
Chao Ma ◽  
Xiangyu Hu ◽  
Henry H Teng
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Extracellular Metabolite ◽  
Microbial Response ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Water Ecosystems ◽  
And Storage

Periphyton occurs widely in shallow-water ecosystems such as paddy fields and plays critical parts in regulating local phosphorus cycling. As such, understanding the mechanisms of the biofilm’s response to environmental P variability may lead to better perceptions of P utilization and retention in rice farms. Present study aims at exploring the biological and biochemical processes underlying periphyton’s P buffering capability through examining changes in community structure, phosphorus uptake and storage, and molecular makeup of exometabolome at different levels of P availability. Under stressed (both excessive and scarce) phosphorus conditions, we found increased populations of the bacterial genus capable of transforming orthophosphate to polyphosphate, as well as mixotrophic algae who can survive through phagotrophy. These results were corroborated by observed polyphosphate buildup under low and high P treatment. Exometabolomic analyses further revealed that periphytic organisms may substitute S-containing lipids for phospholipids, use siderophores to dissolve iron (hydr)oxides to scavenge adsorbed P, and synthesize auxins to resist phosphorus starvation. These findings not only shed light on the mechanistic insights responsible for driving the periphytic P buffer but attest to the ecological roles of periphyton in aiding plants such as rice to overcome P limitations in natural environment. Importance The ability of periphyton to buffer environmental P in shallow aquatic ecosystems may be a natural lesson on P utilization and retention in paddy fields. This work revealed the routes and tools through which periphytic organisms adapt to and regulate ambient P fluctuation. The mechanistic understanding further implicates that the biofilm may serve rice plants to alleviate P stress. Additional results from extracellular metabolite analyses suggest the dissolved periphytic exometabolome can be a valuable nutrient source for soil microbes and plants to reduce biosynthetic costs. These discoveries have the potential to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in general and to refine P management strategies for rice farm in particular.

Modelling the colonisation of maize by toxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains: implications for biological control

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Abbas ◽  
R. Zablotowicz ◽  
H. Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Gompertz Equation ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation

To successfully exploit biological control it is desirable to understand how the introduced agent colonises the host and interferes with establishment of the pest. This study assessed field colonisation of maize by Aspergillus flavus strains as biological control agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination. Maize (corn, Zea mays L.) ears were inoculated with A. flavus using a pin-bar technique in 2004 and 2005. Non-aflatoxigenic strains K49 (NRRL 30797) & CT3 (NRRL 30798) and toxigenic F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared against a carrier control (0.2% aqueous Tween 20). Ten ears were sampled over 12 to 20 days, visually assessed, and curves fit to a three compartment Gompertz equation or other best appropriate regressions. Aflatoxin was determined by HPLC and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) by LC/MS. The Gompertz model describes growth parameters, e.g. growth constant, lag phase and maximum colonisation characterised patterns of maize colonisation for most inoculated treatments. Aflatoxin accumulation in maize inoculated with F3W4 was about 35,000 ng/g in 2004 and 2005, with kinetics of aflatoxin accumulation in 2005 well described by the Gompertz equation. Less than 200 ng/g was observed in maize inoculated with strains CT3 & K49 and accumulation was described by a linear or logistic model. Maize inoculated with strains CT3 and F3W4 accumulated a maximum of 220 and 169 µg/kg CPA, respectively, compared to 22 and 0.2 µg/kg in the control and K49 inoculated, respectively. This technique can be used to elucidate colonisation potential of non-toxigenic A. flavus in maize in relation to biological control of aflatoxin. The greatest reduction of aflatoxin and CPA in maize inoculated with strain K49 and Gompertz parameters on colonisation indicates its superiority to CT3 as a biological control agent. The dynamics of maize colonisation by A. flavus strains and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation generated by using the pin-bar technique has implications for characterising the competence of biocontrol strains for reducing aflatoxin contamination.

scholarly journals Identifying social–ecological gaps to promote biocrust conservation actions

Web Ecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
María D. López-Rodríguez ◽  
Sonia Chamizo ◽  
Yolanda Cantón ◽  
Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
New Research

Abstract. Globally, most bare-looking areas in dryland regions are covered by biocrusts which play a crucial role in modifying several soil surface properties and driving key ecosystem processes. These keystone communities face important threats (e.g. climate change) that place their conservation at risk and in turn the sustainability of the ecosystems they inhabit. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop ecosystem management strategies to ensure their protection. However, to provide a solid path towards biocrust conservation, the understanding by stakeholders and governance structures of the ecological functions of these communities, their role as benefit providers, and the pressures threatening their important effects are indispensable. Whereas the ecological scope of biocrust has been widely studied in the last decades, the social dimension of their role remained unexplored. By reviewing literature in biocrusts from a social–ecological approach, here we identified knowledge gaps and new research areas that need to be addressed in order to produce scientific knowledge that better guides dryland conservation policies and actions. This research agenda is a prerequisite to advance biocrust conservation.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF DISTURBED PARAMETERS OF THE NATURAL STRUCTURE OF THE LABORATORY SAMPLES OF CLAY DEPOSITS DURING ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN SAINT-PETERSBURG TERRITORY AND NEAREST AREAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Vasenin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Porosity Coefficient ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
And Storage

In Russian technical standards there are no criteria for the natural structure disturbance degree of laboratory samples of coherent dispersed soils. At the same time, such soils are widely represented in various regions of the country, in particular, in St. Petersburg. The paper discusses various criteria for estimating the degree of natural structure disturbance of laboratory samples, and also considers various methods for restoring the strength of samples. The main attention is paid to the evaluation of the degree of violation of the natural structure of laboratory samples when performing odometric tests. The statistical results of such an assessment are given for more than 3,000 oedometer tests of quaternary soils of different genesis based on deformation criteria. The quality assessment of laboratory samples was evaluated at 130 sites performing engineering and geological surveys (by various organizations) in St. Petersburg from 2003 and 2018. According to the results of statistical analysis, it was shown that the quality of samples by the criterion of the relative change in the porosity coefficient at the effective household stress corresponds to "poor" or "very poor" (according to the scale proposed by Т. Lunne and others). The main causes of the violation of the natural structure of the samples (sampling without primers, violation of sampling and storage rules, as well as transportation of samples) are described. Based on the results of a statistical analysis of the deformation parameters of laboratory soil samples during the implementation of complex geological survey in St. Petersburg, it was concluded that it is impossible to use the test results of these samples for performing geotechnical calculations using modern models of soil mechanics without special correction procedures.

scholarly journals Management of Postharvest Diseases of Vegetables in a Tropical and Sub-tropical Environment of the Kingdom of Eswatini

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Diana M. Earnshaw ◽  
Michael T. Masarirambi ◽  
Bonginkhosi E. Dlamini ◽  
Kwanele A. Nxumalo
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Side Dish ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogenic ◽  
And Storage

Vegetables are important in human diets as a side dish eaten either cooked or raw as in salads. They are important for their nutritional contribution as major sources of minerals, vitamins, nine essential amino acids, beneficial phytochemicals, fibre and interesting colour from an aesthetic point of view. Despite the immerse health benefits offered by vegetables there are challenges encountered in their post-harvest handling and storage up to consumption. Challenges include post-harvest losses due to diseases. Some losses occur even at household level when vegetables are not stored appropriately when stored under the sink where humidity can be high leading to an environment which promotes diseases. Diseases in the post-harvest chain are caused by bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic fungi. Post-harvest losses of vegetables are not only a threat to nutritional security but a threat to food security as well. The aim of this research study was to document major post-harvest diseases of vegetables found in the Kingdom of Eswatini and to suggest appropriate management strategies or ways of alleviating them.

scholarly journals A New Concept for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Patients with Pathologic Comorbidities Using Cutting-Edge Digital Technologies in Dental Orthopaedics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 533-538
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Yumashev ◽  
Maria V. Mikhailova ◽  
Igor V. Fomin ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Bowen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Dental Examination ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Probability Criterion

Abstract Objectives This article investigates the specific aspects of overactive or exaggerated vomiting reflexes affecting the procedure of dental examination and impression in patients with complete secondary adentia, who need orthopaedic dental treatment. Materials and Methods The prevailing manifestation degree of exaggerated vomiting reflex was diagnosed among patients with complete secondary adentia and exaggerated vomiting reflex. Statistical Analysis Exaggerated vomiting reflexes occur when a patient suffers from dentophobia, the term, which is otherwise known as the fear of dentists. The study was performed using methods of mathematical statistics, including the Pearson χ2 criterion and the statistical probability criterion (p). Results The role of an exaggerated vomiting reflex was revealed in the development of patients’ dentophobic experiences, and the nature of such experiences was established. Variations in dentophobic reactions were distinguished and management strategies were studied for patients with complete secondary adentia and exaggerated vomiting reflex. Conclusions These studies were aimed at preventing the development of vomiting reflex during dental procedures and at identifying an optimal strategy for stopping exaggerated vomiting reflex. The role of the vomiting reflex in the orthopaedic treatment of dental patients was determined.

scholarly journals Imprint of Climate Change on Pan-Arctic Marine Vegetation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorte Krause-Jensen ◽  
Philippe Archambault ◽  
Jorge Assis ◽  
Inka Bartsch ◽  
Kai Bischof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Distribution Limits ◽  
And Storage

The Arctic climate is changing rapidly. The warming and resultant longer open water periods suggest a potential for expansion of marine vegetation along the vast Arctic coastline. We compiled and reviewed the scattered time series on Arctic marine vegetation and explored trends for macroalgae and eelgrass (Zostera marina). We identified a total of 38 sites, distributed between Arctic coastal regions in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway/Svalbard, and Russia, having time series extending into the 21st Century. The majority of these exhibited increase in abundance, productivity or species richness, and/or expansion of geographical distribution limits, several time series showed no significant trend. Only four time series displayed a negative trend, largely due to urchin grazing or increased turbidity. Overall, the observations support with medium confidence (i.e., 5–8 in 10 chance of being correct, adopting the IPCC confidence scale) the prediction that macrophytes are expanding in the Arctic. Species distribution modeling was challenged by limited observations and lack of information on substrate, but suggested a current (2000–2017) potential pan-Arctic macroalgal distribution area of 820.000 km2 (145.000 km2 intertidal, 675.000 km2 subtidal), representing an increase of about 30% for subtidal- and 6% for intertidal macroalgae since 1940–1950, and associated polar migration rates averaging 18–23 km decade–1. Adjusting the potential macroalgal distribution area by the fraction of shores represented by cliffs halves the estimate (412,634 km2). Warming and reduced sea ice cover along the Arctic coastlines are expected to stimulate further expansion of marine vegetation from boreal latitudes. The changes likely affect the functioning of coastal Arctic ecosystems because of the vegetation’s roles as habitat, and for carbon and nutrient cycling and storage. We encourage a pan-Arctic science- and management agenda to incorporate marine vegetation into a coherent understanding of Arctic changes by quantifying distribution and status beyond the scattered studies now available to develop sustainable management strategies for these important ecosystems.

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