scholarly journals A Differential Item Functional Analysis by Age of Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination in a Multi-racial/ethnic Sample of Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Sherry Owens ◽  
Alfgeir Kristjansson ◽  
Haslyn E.R. Hunte
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Interpersonal Discrimination ◽  
Racial Ethnic

<p> We investigated whether individual items on the nine item William’s Perceived Every­day Discrimination Scale (EDS) functioned differently by age (&lt;45 vs ≥45) within five racial groups in the United States: Asians (<em>n</em>=2,017); Hispanics (n=2,688); Black Caribbeans (<em>n</em>=1,377); African Americans (<em>n</em>=3,434); and Whites (<em>n</em>=854). We used data from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Lives and the 2001- 2003 National Latino and Asian Studies. Multiple-indicator, multiple-cause models (MIMIC) were used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) on the EDS by age within each racial/ethnic group. Overall, Asian and Hispanic respondents reported less discrimination than Whites; on the other hand, African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more discrimination than Whites. Regardless of race/ethnicity, the younger respondents (aged &lt;45 years) reported less discrimination than the older respondents (aged ≥45 years). In terms of age by race/ethnicity, the results were mixed for 19 out of 45 tests of DIF (40%). No differences in item function were observed among Black Caribbeans. “Being called names or insulted” and others acting as “if they are afraid” of the respondents were the only two items that did not exhibit dif­ferential item functioning by age across all racial/ethnic groups. Overall, our findings suggest that the EDS scale should be used with caution in multi-age multi-racial/ethnic samples. <em>Ethn Dis</em>.2015;25(4):479-486; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.479</p>

Effect of Race/ethnicity, Insurance Status, and Area Deprivation on Hip Fracture Outcomes Among Older Adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 105477382110612
Author(s):  
Chiyoung Lee ◽  
Eleanor Schildwachter McConnell ◽  
Sijia Wei ◽  
Tingzhong (Michelle) Xue ◽  
Hideyo Tsumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Deprived Areas

This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records to explore the effect of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and area deprivation on post-discharge outcomes in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery between 2015 and 2018 ( N = 1,150). Inverse probability of treatment weight-adjusted regression analysis was used to identify the effects of the predictors on outcomes. White patients had higher 90- and 365-day readmission risks than Black patients and higher all-period readmissions than the Other racial/ethnic (Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, and Multicultural) group ( p < .000). Black patients had a higher risk of 30- and 90-day readmission than the Other racial/ethnic group ( p < .000). Readmission risk across 1-year follow-up was generally higher among patients from less deprived areas than more deprived areas ( p < .05). The 90- and 365-day mortality risk was lower for patients from less deprived areas (vs. more deprived areas) and patients with Medicare Advantage (vs. Medicare), respectively ( p < .05). Our findings can guide efforts to identify patients for additional post-discharge support. Nevertheless, the findings regarding readmission risks contrast with previous knowledge and thus require more validation studies.

scholarly journals Race/Ethnicity, Enrichment/Fortification, and Dietary Supplementation in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2009–2012

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Malek ◽  
Jill C. Newman ◽  
Kelly J. Hunt ◽  
Bernadette P. Marriott
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Iron And Calcium ◽  
The U.S

In the United States (U.S.), food fortification and/or enrichment and dietary supplement (DS) use impacts nutrient intakes. Our aim was to examine race/ethnicity and income (Poverty Income Ratio, PIR) differences in meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes based on estimated dietary intakes among the U.S. population age ≥2 years (n = 16,975). Two 24-hour recalls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2009–2012 were used to estimate the intake of 15 nutrients as naturally occurring, enriched/fortified, and plus DSs. Across racial/ethnic groups and within PIR categories, significant differences were observed in the %< Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A following enrichment/fortification (E/F) and for vitamin B12 and riboflavin following both E/F and DS use when comparing non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and the other race/ethnicity group to non-Hispanic whites. The %<EAR for iron and calcium also differed depending on race/ethnicity within PIR category (p < 0.05). The %<EAR was significantly lower for vitamin D after E/F for Hispanics, and after E/F combined with DS use for vitamins C and B6 for Hispanics and the other race/ethnicity group than non-Hispanic whites. Non-Hispanic blacks were inadequate in all nutrients examined except vitamin C based on the %<EAR than individuals of other races/ethnicities. Differences in the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of nutrients, especially folate and zinc, also varied by race/ethnicity and PIR category.

scholarly journals Reported condom use and condom use difficulties in street outreach samples of men of four racial and ethnic backgrounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
E James Essien ◽  
Michael W Ross ◽  
Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer ◽  
Mark L Williams
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The epidemiology of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States has focused research attention on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered communities as well as on racial and ethnic minorities. Much of that attention has, however, been focused on specific racial and ethnic groups, and specific sexual minorities. We report on the results of a study that examined the association between condom use and partnership types among men from four major racial/ethnic groups. Self-reported data on sexual identity (homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual) and condom use in the past three months were collected from 806 African Americans, Hispanic, Asian, and white men intercepted in public places in Houston, TX. Data indicated that condom use was lowest in African Americans and Hispanic men, bisexual men reported the highest levels of use, with heterosexual men reporting the lowest use. African Americans and Hispanic men reported generally that it was very difficult to use a condom during sexual contact, although the patterns for self-identified homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual men varied across race/ethnicity. Homosexual African American men reported the least difficulty, and white homosexual men the most difficulty compared with heterosexual and bisexual peers. For homosexually identified men, there were considerable differences across race/ethnicity in the proportion of partners who never or rarely disagreed to use condoms, with Asians disagreeing least, and African Americans most. Within racial/ethnic groups, the levels of condom use and difficulty were similar for male and female partners, suggesting that it is sexual identity, rather than partner gender, that has impacted condom-use messages. These data suggest that racial/ethnic targeting of condom use is likely to be most efficacious in increasing condom use in men.

Examining Racial Discrimination’s Association With Depressive Symptoms Through Metadehumanization Among African Americans: Does Racial Identity Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 009579842098366
Author(s):  
Yara Mekawi ◽  
Natalie N. Watson-Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Though considerable empirical work has documented the ways in which African Americans are dehumanized by other racial groups, there is no research examining how perceiving dehumanization (i.e., metadehumanization) is associated with the mental health of African Americans. In this study, we examined the indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through metadehumanization and explored whether this indirect effect was contingent on racial identity (i.e., centrality, private regard). African American students completed measures in a university lab located in the Midwestern region of the United States ( N = 326; Mage = 19.7, 72.4% women). We found that the degree to which racial discrimination was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through metadehumanization was contingent on racial identity dimensions. Specifically, the indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through metadehumanization was only significant for individuals who were relatively higher on centrality and private regard. This research suggests that the role of metadehumanization is stronger among African Americans who strongly identify with and have positive views of their racial group. We discuss these results in the context of social cognitive theories.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

Factor Structure for Chronic Stress Before and During Pregnancy by Racial/Ethnic Group

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangmi Kim ◽  
Eun-Ok Im ◽  
Jianghong Liu ◽  
Connie Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Certificates ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This study aimed to explore race/ethnicity-specific dimensionalities of chronic stress before and during pregnancy for non-Hispanic (N-H) White, N-H Black, Hispanic, and Asian women in the United States. This study analyzed the data among 6,850 women from the New York City and Washington State Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004-2007) linked with birth certificates. Separate exploratory factor analysis was conducted by race/ethnicity using a maximum-likelihood extraction method with 26 chronic stress items before and during pregnancy. Correlations and internal consistency reliabilities among items and latent factors determined race/ethnicity-specific factor structures of chronic stress. Chronic stress was race/ethnicity-distinctive and multidimensional with low correlations among the factors ( r = .07-.28, p < .05). Despite financial hardship, perceived isolation, and physical violence underlying chronic stress among the racial/ethnic groups, intergroup variations existed under each group’s cultural or sociopolitical contexts. This study could help develop targeted strategies to intervene with women’s chronic stressors before childbirth.

scholarly journals The Differential Incidence and Severity of Food Insecurity by Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Groups over the Great Recession in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Flores-Lagunes ◽  
Hugo B. Jales ◽  
Judith Liu ◽  
Norbert L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

We document the differences in food insecurity incidence and severity by race/ethnicity and immigrant status over the Great Recession. We show that the disadvantaged groups with a higher incidence of food insecurity do not necessarily have a higher severity of food insecurity, which underscores the importance of examining both the extensive and intensive margins of food insecurity. Our decomposition analysis indicates that the contribution of compositional and structural factors to the observed differences in exposure to food insecurity is heterogeneous across these groups and over the Great Recession. Finally, SNAP does not seem to fundamentally change the patterns documented.

scholarly journals Opioid Epidemic in the United States: Empirical Trends, and A Literature Review of Social Determinants and Epidemiological, Pain Management, and Treatment Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal K Singh ◽  
Isaac E. Kim, Jr. ◽  
Mehrete Girmay ◽  
Chrisp Perry ◽  
Gem P. Daus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Overdose Mortality ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objectives: Dramatic increases in opioid and drug overdose mortality have occurred in the United States (US) over the past two decades. To address this national public health crisis and identify gaps in the literature, we analyzed recent empirical trends in US drug overdose mortality by key social determinants and conducted a selective review of the recent literature on the magnitude of the opioid crisis facing different racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and rural-urban segments of the US population. Methods: We used the 1999-2017 mortality data from the US National Vital Statistics System to analyze trends in drug overdose mortality by race/ethnicity, age, and geographic area. Log-linear regression was used to model mortality trends. Using various key words and their combinations, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar for select peerreviewed journal articles and government reports published on the opioid epidemic between 2010 and 2018. Results: Our original analysis and review indicate marked increases in drug overdose mortality overall and by race/ethnicity and geographic regions, with adolescents and young adults experiencing steep increases in mortality between 1999 and 2017. Our selective search yielded 405 articles, of which 39 publications were selected for detailed review. Suicide mortality from drug overdose among teens aged 12-19 increased consistently between 2009 and 2017, particularly among teen girls. The rise of efficient global supply chains has increased opioid prescription use and undoubtedly contributed to the opioid epidemic. Many other important contributing factors to the epidemic include lack of education and economic opportunities, poor working conditions, and low social capital in disadvantaged communities. Conclusions and Global Health Implications: Our analysis and review indicate substantial disparities in drug overdoses and related mortality, pain management, and treatment outcomes according to social determinants. Increases in drug overdoses and resultant mortality are not only unique to the US, but have also been observed in other industrialized countries. Healthcare systems, community leaders, and policymakers addressing the opioidepidemic should focus on upstream structural factors including education, economic opportunity, social cohesion, racial/ethnic disadvantage, geographic isolation, and life satisfaction. Key words: • Opioids • Drug overdose • Mortality • Pain management • Treatment • Race/Ethnicity • Social determinants • Health disparities Copyright © 2019 Singh et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A Systematic Review of Parenting Scales Measurement Invariance/Equivalence of by Race and Ethnicity: Recommendations for Inclusive Parenting Research

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110386
Author(s):  
Violeta J. Rodriguez ◽  
Dominique L. La Barrie ◽  
Miriam C. Zegarac ◽  
Anne Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The limited inclusion of racial/ethnic minorities in the development and validation of parenting measures limits our understanding of whether parenting constructs are valid in racial and ethnic minorities. Tests of measurement invariance/equivalence (MI/E) of parenting measures can help evaluate the validity of parenting constructs among racial/ethnic minorities. This systematic review summarized studies on MI/E of parenting constructs by race/ethnicity and evaluated the strength of the evidence. A literature search was conducted using various databases and references to retrieve studies from the United States. Indeed, 10 studies were identified that tested for MI/E of eight parenting scales by race/ethnicity. Only one scale showed moderate evidence of MI/E, five showed weak evidence of MI/E, and two showed no evidence of MI/E. Most studies (80%) used factor analytic methods to test for MI/E, but only two studies (20%) examined all levels of invariance. These findings show that differences exist in how racial/ethnic minorities perceive parenting constructs. Further research is needed to develop more inclusive parenting measures, to protect against the ways in which biased measures may pathologize or misrepresent parenting practices among racial/ethnic minorities.

Abstract 491: Racial Disparities in the Trends of Acute Myocardial Infarction Outcomes Among Medicaid Patients, 2007-2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwole M Adegbala ◽  
Akintunde Akinjero ◽  
Samson Alliu ◽  
Adeyinka C Adejumo ◽  
Emmanuel Akintoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups

Background: Although, in-hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have declined in the United States recently, there is a gap in knowledge regarding racial differences in this trend. We sought to evaluate the effect of race on the trends in outcomes after Acute Myocardial Infarction among Medicaid patients in a nationwide cohort from 2007-2011 Methods: We extracted data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for all hospitalizations between 2007 and 2011 for Medicaid patients aged 45 years or older with principal diagnosis of AMI using ICD-9-CM codes. Primary outcome of this study was all cause in-hospital mortality. We then stratified hospitalizations by racial groups; Whites, African Americans and Hispanics, and assessed the time trends of in-hospital mortality before and after multivariate analysis. Results: The overall mortality from AMI among Medicaid patients declined during the study period (8.80% in 2007 to 7.46% in 2011). In the adjusted models, compared to 2007, in-hospital mortality from AMI for Medicaid patients decreased across the 3 racial groups; Whites (aOR= 0.88, CI=0.70-0.99), African Americans (aOR=0.76, CI=0.57-1.01), Hispanics (aOR=0.87, CI=0.66-1.25). While the length of hospital stay declined significantly among African American and Hispanic with 2 days and 1.76 days decline respectively, the length of stay remained unchanged for Whites. There was non-significant increase in the incidence of stroke across the various racial groups; Whites (aOR= 1.23, CI=0.90 -1.69), African Americans (aOR=1.10, CI=0.73 -1.64), Hispanics (aOR=1.03, CI=0.68-1.55) when compared to 2007. Conclusion: In this study, we found that in-hospital mortality from AMI among Medicaid patients have declined across the racial groups. However, while the length of stay following AMI declined for African Americans and Hispanics with Medicaid insurance, it has remained unchanged for Whites. Future studies are necessary to identify determinants of these significant racial disparities in outcomes for AMI.

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