The Gender Cycle of Violence: Comparing the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect on Criminal Offending for Males and Females

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Cycle Of Violence ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

Despite ample evidence of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and offending, the ways in which the cycle of violence operates remain unclear. For example, feminist researchers contend that female victims are more likely to become offenders, compared to male victims, but more research is needed to substantiate this claim. Moreover, the contradictions in research findings-with retrospective research demonstrating that most offenders have histories of abuse, and prospective work indicating that the majority of victims do not become involved in crime-highlight the importance of identifying the intermediating variables that lead from maltreatment to criminality. This review summarizes investigations related to the cycle of violence, discusses the intermediating circumstances that may affect the cycle, and identifies whether or not these processes are similar for women and men.

Dimensions of child maltreatment and their relationship to adolescent adjustment

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wolfe ◽  
Robin McGee
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Psychological Abuse ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Adolescent Adjustment ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Issues

AbstractResearch in the broad area of child maltreatment has investigated the effects of these phenomena globally and without much attempt to distinguish the nature and extent of such experiences. This study sought to examine the underlying structure of child maltreatment and relate this structure to current adolescent adjustment. A principal components analysis was conducted with 162 adolescents who had backgrounds of child maltreatment, using a comprehensive measure of such experiences at two developmental time periods (birth to 6 years, and 7–12 years). This analysis resulted in interpretable factors that were used to create scales measuring maltreatment in a continuous, nonredundant manner. These scales were used to test main and interaction effects of each type of maltreatment on current adjustment of adolescent males and females. For males (N = 71), the relationship between early maltreatment and adjustment was significantly enhanced when interactions between physical and psychological abuse and between partner abuse and neglect were entered into the equation. For females (N = 91), current adjustment was significantly related to the developmental period in which neglect or psychological abuse had occurred. Results are discussed in relation to measurement and theoretical issues.

The Influence of Adult Role Statuses on Violent Victimization Reporting

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-984
Author(s):  
Stacey J. Bosick ◽  
Callie Marie Rennison
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Adult Role ◽  
Push Forward ◽  
Adult Roles ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

Drawing on data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, this article extends on the contributions from developmental and life course criminologists by investigating the relationship between adult role status and police notification. Our findings point to the important gender differences. Age and reporting are curvilinearly related among female victims but linearly related among males. Having children (in the home) increases the odds of police reporting by female victims, whereas being married does so for male victims. Our findings push forward our understanding of gender and age disparities in self-reporting victimization and highlight the need to better understand how one’s orientation to the criminal justice system changes as he or she transitions in (and out) of adult roles through the life course.

Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Ayala ◽  
Brandy Kotary ◽  
Maria Hetz
Keyword(s):  
Victim Blame ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Women's College ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Blame Attributions ◽  
Male Perpetrators ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perpetrator Blame ◽  
Victim Gender

Although research has been conducted on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and other factors associated with attribution formation, researchers have not yet determined how the combination of such factors simultaneously affects levels of victim blame and perpetrator blame. The current investigation recruited 221 students from an all-women’s college to examine differences in blame attributions across RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender, and the relationship between the two parties (i.e., stranger vs. acquaintance). Results suggested that RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender account for a significant amount of variance in blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators. In sum, victim blame with female perpetrators was relatively consistent across levels of RMA, but increased substantially for male perpetrators as individuals endorsed higher levels of RMA. Perpetrator blame, however, was highest with male perpetrators when individuals endorsed low levels of RMA and lowest for male perpetrators when individuals endorsed relatively higher levels of RMA. Findings demonstrate the continued influence of RMA on blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators, and the stigma faced by male victims. More research is needed on the differing attributions of male and female victims and perpetrators, as well as differing attributions based on type of relationship. Such research will lead to a better and more thorough understanding of sexual assault and rape.

scholarly journals Male Victims at a Dutch Sexual Assault Center: A Comparison to Female Victims inCharacteristics and Service Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110152
Author(s):  
Milou L. V. Covers ◽  
Janna Teeuwen ◽  
Iva A. E. Bicanic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Medical Examinations ◽  
Assault Characteristics

Recently, there has been an increase in referrals of male victims of sexual assault to interdisciplinary sexual assault centers (SACs). Still, there is limited research on the characteristics of men who refer or are referred to SACs and the services they need. To facilitate the medical, forensic, and psychological treatment in SACs, a better understanding of male victims is indispensable. The first aim of the study was to analyze the victim and assault characteristics of male victims at a Dutch SAC, and to compare them to those of female victims. The second aim was to analyze and compare SAC service use between male and female victims. The victim characteristics, assault characteristics, and service use of 34 male victims and 633 female victims were collected in a Dutch SAC. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyze differences between male and female victims. No differences between males and females in victim or assault characteristics were found. Most victims received medical and psychological care, with no differences between male and female victims. Female victims were more likely to have contact with the police, but no differences in reporting or forensic medical examinations between males and females were found. These findings indicate that SACs can and do provide equal services to male and female victims, and that the current services are suitable for male victims as well. However, a focus on educating and advising male victims about police involvement is advisable.

Attachment and Field Dependence: Individual Differences in Information Processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Vermigli ◽  
Alessandro Toni
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Figure Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measure Field

The present research analyzes the relationship between attachment styles at an adult age and field dependence in order to identify possible individual differences in information processing. The “Experience in Close Relationships” test of Brennan et al. was administered to a sample of 380 individuals (160 males, 220 females), while a subsample of 122 subjects was given the Embedded Figure Test to measure field dependence. Confirming the starting hypothesis, the results have shown that individuals with different attachment styles have a different way of perceiving the figure against the background. Ambivalent and avoidant individuals lie at the two extremes of the same dimension while secure individuals occupy the central part. Significant differences also emerged between males and females.

KONFLIK DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440
Author(s):  
Santi Retno Sari
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Job Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships to which leadership style (task and relations oriented leadership) moderate the impact of conflict on employee performance. Data were collected from 92 employees in different job levels. Partial least squares variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the relationship in the models. The results showed that task and relation conflict was associated with employee performance. The research findings also showed that leadership styles moderated the relationship between conflict and employee performance. This study offers implications for managerial practices. Practical implications and suggestions described in the paper Keywords: leadership style, conflict, performance.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Self-Compassion, Childhood Maltreatment and Attachment Orientation In High-Risk Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 0044118X2110028
Author(s):  
Heather Mary Quinlan ◽  
Kellie Lynn Hadden ◽  
David Paul Storey
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Attachment Orientation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Street Environment

The purpose of the current study was to explore whether selfcompassion predicted psychological distress over and above childhood maltreatment and attachment orientation in high-risk youths. Fifty-one youths (31 males, 20 females) aged 17 to 24, recruited from a community non-profit organization in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, were administered validated measures of childhood maltreatment, attachment orientation, self-compassion, and psychological distress. Results indicated that self-compassion was inversely associated with childhood maltreatment, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and psychological distress. However, results did not support the hypothesis that self-compassion was a significant predictor of psychological distress over and above attachment anxiety and childhood maltreatment in high-risk youths. Our results indicated that self-compassion is not well developed in street-involved youths and may be a vital intervention target to heal negative internalized views of the self, while maintaining vigilance to threats inherent in the street environment.

Roles of Psychological Distress and Social Support in the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Perceived Needs for Mental Health Care

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110063
Author(s):  
Tingting Gao ◽  
Songli Mei ◽  
Muzi Li ◽  
Carl D’ Arcy ◽  
Xiangfei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Childhood maltreatment is a major public health issue worldwide. It increases a range of health-risk behaviors, psychological and physical problems, which are associated with an increased need for mental health services in adulthood. Identification of mediating factors in the relationship between maltreatment and seeking mental health care may help attenuate the negative consequences of childhood maltreatment and promote more appropriate treatment. This study aims to examine whether the relationship between childhood maltreatment and perceived need for mental health care is mediated by psychological distress and/or moderated by social support. Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health 2012 are analyzed. A total of 8,993 participants, who had complete information on childhood maltreatment and diagnoses of mental disorders or psychological distress, are included in this study. Structural equation modeling and the PROCESS macro were used to identify relationships among childhood maltreatment, perceived needs for mental health care, and psychological distress. Hierarchical linear regression was then used to verify the moderated mediation model. We found that psychological distress partially mediated the effect of childhood maltreatment on perceived needs for mental health care in adulthood. Social support played an important role in terms of moderating the relationship between maltreatment and perceived needs for care. For those with a history of childhood maltreatment, those who perceived a low level of social support were more likely to have higher levels of psychological distress and perceived need for mental health care. This is the first study to identify the separate and combined roles of psychological distress and social support in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and perceived need for mental health care. Selective prevention strategies should focus on social support to improve mental health services among people with a history of childhood maltreatment.

scholarly journals When and How Does Sustainable HRM Improve Customer Orientation of Frontline Employees? Satisfaction, Empowerment, and Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3693
Author(s):  
Youngsam Cho ◽  
Yongduk Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Employees Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Empowerment ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between sustainable human resource management (HRM) practices, employee satisfaction, and customer orientation of frontline employees (FLEs) in the hotel industry from the perspective of internal marketing. Specifically, the study focused on three facets of sustainable HRM practices (i.e., training, reward, and benefit) as well as organizational empowerment and communication as FLE-supportive contexts. Although some studies have examined the relationship between HRM practices and customer orientation, they overlooked the importance of service context in facilitating FLE customer orientation. Thus, this study developed a comprehensive framework based on social exchange theory and self-determination theory. The results show that all three facets of the sustainable HRM practices were positively related to FLEs’ satisfaction. FLEs’ satisfaction was also positively related to their customer orientation. Furthermore, both organizational empowerment and communication moderated the relationship between FLEs’ satisfaction and customer orientation, which showed a positive relationship only when FLEs perceived high organizational empowerment or communication. The research findings provide beneficial theoretical and practical implications.

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