Effect of Intramuscular Administration of Trypadim, Trypamidium and Novidium on Body Temperature, Body Weight and Hematological Parameters of Wistar Rats Infected with <em>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</em> (Federe Strain)

This study was aimed at determining the effect of leaves of Senna alata extract on biochemical indices of Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Phytochemical screening revealed the absence of steroids in all extracts, absence of saponins in chloroform extracts and the presence of free anthraquinones only in chloroform extract. Post-infection treatment of animals stirred the emergence of parasitaemia by Day 3. Only animals receiving 200 mg/kg b.wt. of chloroform extract survived by day 16. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in ALT for groups receiving methanol (400 mg/kg b.wt.), chloroform and aqueous extracts and significant (P<0.05) increase in unconjugated bilirubin in the group receiving methanol extract (200 mg/kg b.wt.) compared to infected not treated rats. Significant (P<0.05) decrease in potassium concentration in groups receiving methanol and chloroform, and a significant (P<0.05) increase in sodium concentration in the group receiving 400 mg/kg b.wt. of aqueous extract compared to the infected not treated rats. These results thereby demonstrate the ameliorative potential of Senna alata leaves against T. brucei brucei.

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A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1155/2021/5570206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽

Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽

Povi Lawson-Evi ◽

Yendubé T. Kantati ◽

Tchin Darré ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Root Extract ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

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The Clinical and Hematological changes in Rabbits exposed to Melia azedarach fruits under experimental conditions

International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research ◽

10.7439/ijasr.v1i1.1547 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AL- Zubaedi Raad Mahmood

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Bleeding Time ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Control Group ◽

Clotting Time ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Hb Concentration

The study was conducted on 10 local breed rabbits, of 1-2 years age, of 1- 1.5 kg body weight. They were feed concentrated and green food, and left ad libitum for water, and kept in room of 20- 25 oC. The animals divided into two groups of 5 each. First as treated group received the plant in powder form mixed with the food at a dose rate of 5 g/ animal / day for three weeks , while the second left without exposure as a control group .The main dependent parameters in the study were , clinical parameters ( body temperature , heartbeat , respiratory rate, body weight , in addition to monitor any abnormal signs appear on the animals . While the main hematological parameters were included , RBC count , WBC count , Hb concentration,PCV percentage , Red cell indices , Bleeding time and Clotting time. The body temperature, respiratory rates, heart rate were increased .The body weight decreased .The bleeding time and clotting time were prolonged. The erythrocyte count, Hb concentration, and MCV values were decreased; PCV and MCHC did not showed any significant changes. The MCH increased. The total leucocytes count and the basophiles percentage did not showed any significant changes. The Heterophils and monocytes percentage increased .The lymphocytic and Eosinophil percentage were decreased during the study.

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Flavonoid mixture ameliorates increase in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and malondialdehyde concentration induced by Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infection in Wistar rats

Research in Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 139-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Patricia I. Kobo ◽

Joseph O. Ayo ◽

Tagang Aluwong ◽

Abdulkadir U. Zezi ◽

Victor Maikai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Osmotic Fragility ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility

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Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Scoparia Dulcis (Linn) in Wistar Rats

European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology ◽

10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.4.234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Olubodun A. Adebiyi ◽

Danladi A. Ameh ◽

Elewechi Onyike ◽

Dorcas B. James

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Animal Group ◽

Scoparia Dulcis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

G Ratio

Scoparia dulcis (Linn) is a widespread herbal medicine; it bears an enormous number of pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to find out the chronic toxicity profile of oral administration of Scoparia dulcis ethanol leaf extract (SDELE) on the liver and the kidney of wistar rats. The animals were grouped into four and administered varying doses of SDELE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml distilled water respectively) for a period of fourteen weeks (100 days). The acute toxicity, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological parameters, biochemical markers for liver and kidney damage were monitored and histopathology of the liver and kidney of the rat were carried out. The LD50 of SDELE was found to be 1131 mg/kg body weight. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in weight of the rat administered 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg when compared with the control though there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the organs. There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in the lymphocytes, serum level of aspartate amino transferase (ASP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkali phosphatase (ALP), total protein, A/G ratio, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and potassium ions while there was a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and sodium ions in the animal group administered 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Histopathology of the liver and kidney revealed haemorrhage and vascular congestion at 200 mg/kg doses and renal damage at 400 mg/kg body weight doses respectively. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in any of the parameters studied in the group administered 100 mg/kg body weight dose when compared with the controlled group. Ethanol leaf extracts of Scoparia dulcis showed hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic tendencies and should be used with caution especially when employed in the treatment of chronic diseases

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Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Guiera senegalensis on Trypanosoma brucei Infected Mice

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4-s) ◽

pp. 273-279

Author(s):

Zongo André ◽

Vitouley Sèna Hervé ◽

Bengaly Zakaria ◽

Kaboré Adama ◽

Traoré Aristide ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Survival Time ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Oral Route ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Diminazene Aceturate ◽

Mean Survival Time ◽

Guiera Senegalensis

Aqueous decoction of Guiera senegalensis leaves was studied orally and intraperitoneally for its antitrypanosomal activity on mice infected experimentally with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. After a phytochemical screening followed by an acute toxicity study on mice, the extract of plant was administered once daily for 2 days at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg / kg orally and 15, 30 and 60 mg / kg intraperitoneally after infection. Then, parameters of parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), mean survival time and body weight of the mice treated with the extract were measured and compared with positive (diminazene aceturate) and negative (distilled water) controls for 7 days in a row. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of G. senegalensis leaves contains tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, reducing compounds and anthocyanosides, alkaloids and coumarins. LD50 of the extract are 1264.49 mg / kg by oral route and 316.22 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route. The doses of 240 mg / kg by oral route and 15 and 60 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route of aqueous extract showed a mean survival time (5 days) comparable to the positive control. Parasitaemia level increased in all mice tested except in mice treated with diminazene aceturate during the post-infestation period. During this period, PCV and body weight of all mice decreased by both routes of administration. These results of the study show the pharmacological utility of G. senegalensis leaves in the control of TAA by herders / pastoralists and suggest continuing further bio-guided studies to isolate the active components of the plant in order to improve their efficiency. Keywords: In vivo test; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Guiera senegalensis leaves; phytochemical screening; acute toxicity.

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In vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of Afrormosia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v39i3.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 269-284

Author(s):

G.D. Chechet ◽

J Yahaya ◽

A.J. Nok

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Post Infection ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Khaya Senegalensis

Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) also known as Nagana is a resurgent disease in Africa. Medicinal plants are being used in less developed countries for the treatment of various diseases including trypanosomiasis, due to the high cost of currently available drugs. Most of these plants have been useful sources of treatment of various diseases based on information obtained from folk medicine but have not been scientifically certified. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of the methanol extract of Aformorsia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against T. b. brucei. Phytochemical screening as well as LD50 of the plant extracts was carried out following standard procedures. Parasitemia was monitored daily while Packed Cell Volume was determined at three time points (days 1, 4 and 7) during the course of the infection. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, antraquinones, resins and tanins. However, steriods/terpenoids were absent in K. senegalensis but present in A. laxiflora. The toxicity of methanol extract of both A. laxiflora and K. senegalensis was above 5000mg/kg body weight. Methanol extracts of A. laxiflora (leaves) and K. senegalensis (stem bark) showed promising trypanocidal potential in vitro against T. b. brucei at concentrations of 10, 15, 25mg/ml and 40 and 20mg/ml respectively. At these concentrations, both extracts immobilized the parasites within 55mins post-incubation. In general, A. laxiflora leaf extract demonstrated prophylactic activity against T. b. brucei in vivo at a dose of 500mg/Kg body weight particularly in group C animals where a delayed pre-patent period (6 days post-infection), extended survival (14 days post-infection) and significant (P<0.05) reduction in the parasite burden confirmed by an absence of anemia (PCV 47.00±0.8 %) was observed when compared to the infected untreated control group. K. senegalensis extract on the other hand did not show anti-trypanosomal activity in the treated groups (1, 2, and 3). Based on these observations, it was therefore deduced that the methanol extract of leaves of A. laxiflora possessed the ability to ameliorate the burden of the disease and could be a plausible candidate for drug development against the disease.Keywords: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Afromosia laxiflora, Khaya senegalensis, anti-trypanosomal, in vitro, in vivo

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Haematological changes in Wistar rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei obtained from North-west Nigeria

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v19i2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

A.O. Fajinmi ◽

O.O. Faleke ◽

A.A. Magaji ◽

U.M. Chafe ◽

M.A. Kassim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Trypanosoma Congolense ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Cell Count ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Group A ◽

Haematological Changes ◽

Group D

This study determined haematological changes in Wistar rats experimentally infected with local strains of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Forty-five Wistar rats between 10 – 12 weeks old weighing between 210 – 240 g were used. The Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D), with the infected groups (B, C and D) having 10 rats each, while the uninfected control group (A) had 15 rats. Group A rats were not infected and served as the control, group B were infected with Trypanosoma congolense, group C were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and group D were co-infected with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Infection was achieved using 0.1mL of blood containing approximately 1 × 103 trypanosomes intraperitoneally into each Wistar rat in the infected groups. Clinical signs were observed. The changes in the blood cells were assayed in the groups post-infection. Duncan’s Least Square Deviation showed significantly (p<0.05) higher parasitaemia in infected groups. However, group D showed a higher significant (p<0.05) difference in parasitaemia when compared to groups B and C. The pattern of mean parasitaemia for the infected groups, revealed a positive correlation with days of post-infection (p<0.05) before the decline. The packed cell volume, total red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration were significantly (p<0.05) lower in infected groups B, C and D. The total white blood cell count, platelet counts and differential leucocyte count were significantly (p<0.05) lower in infected groups when compared to the uninfected group. These findings suggest that co-infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei obtained from Wurno and Ngaski in Sokoto and Kebbi States respectively produced a more damaging effect on haematological parameters.

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