scholarly journals Germany: Twenty Years After The Union

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Mavrokordatos ◽  
Stan Stascinsky ◽  
Andrew Michael
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Final Section ◽  
German Economy ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After

One of the most important events in the world after World War II was the reunification of Germany, during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The aim of this paper is to discuss the general economic conditions in Germany, before and after the reunification. This paper is divided into four parts. The introductory section provides a summative discussion of the economic conditions in East and West Germany from World War II until the time of reunification. The second section presents an evaluation of the German economy since the reunification. The third section presents macroeconomic data to illustrate the general impact of the unification on the German economy. The final section offers concluding remarks and recommendations.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

scholarly journals The Separation and Reunification of Germany: Rethinking a Natural Experiment Interpretation of the Enduring Effects of Communism

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha O. Becker ◽  
Lukas Mergele ◽  
Ludger Woessmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Cautious Interpretation ◽  
East And West ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control

German separation in 1949 into a communist East and a capitalist West and their reunification in 1990 are commonly described as a natural experiment to study the enduring effects of communism. We show in three steps that the populations in East and West Germany were far from being randomly selected treatment and control groups. First, the later border is already visible in many socio-economic characteristics in pre-World War II data. Second, World War II and the subsequent occupying forces affected East and West differently. Third, a selective fifth of the population fled from East to West Germany before the building of the Wall in 1961. In light of our findings, we propose a more cautious interpretation of the extensive literature on the enduring effects of communist systems on economic outcomes, political preferences, cultural traits, and gender roles.

The Political Refugee: 35 Years Later

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunther Beyer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Socioeconomic Aspects ◽  
Forced Migrations ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Refugee Problem

This article describes the human and socioeconomic aspects of the political refugee problem before and after World War II, and explains the facts which caused the flows of forced migrations throughout the world.

Evolution and Normalization: Historical Consciousness in Germany

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Philipp Lutz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Strong Continuity ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Nazi Era

German political culture has been undergoing gradual but significant changes since unification. Military engagements in combat missions, the introduction of a professional army, and a remarkable loss of recent historical knowledge mostly within the younger generations are hallmarks of the new millennium. Extensive education about the Holocaust is still prevalent and there is a strong continuity of attitudes and orientations toward the Nazi era and the Holocaust reaching back to the 1980s. Nevertheless, a lack of knowledge about history-not only the World War II period, but also about East and West Germany-in the age group of people under thirty is staggering. The fading away of the generation of victims who are the last ones to tell the story of persecution during the Holocaust and a parallel rise of new actors and technologies, present challenges to the educational system and the current political culture of Germany.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Heins
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Private Life ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Third Reich

This concluding chapter reflects on the development of German melodrama in the aftermath of World War II. It traces a sense of disillusionment with the Nazi “deployment of sexuality” in films and how it had prepared the ground for the renewed postwar cultivation of domesticity and feminine nurturance in West Germany. The return to private life and to puritanical mores in the postwar era was partly a response to the attack on “bourgeois” sexual morality that had been carried out by the mass culture of the Third Reich. Turning against nudity and licentiousness in the early 1950s could be represented and understood as a turn against Nazism. Thus, this “reprivatization” and newly conservative culture left its mark on West German melodramas of the 1950s.

Economic Concentration and Monopoly in Japan—A Second View

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Rotwein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Total Output ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Economic Achievement ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Impact

In the period since the end of World War II, the Japanese economic achievement has been of prodigious proportions. During this period, its growth rate—an average of almost 10% in GNP per year—has been the highest in the world. Japan has become the third-ranking industrial nation and its world standing, in terms of per capita GNP, has risen from fortieth in the early 1950s to twelfth at the present time. Growth so sweeping and rapid inevitably has brought a multitude of changes, not least in the composition of total output. At a highly accelerated rate, industries have declined, others have blossomed, new industries have appeared, and the importance of various sectors of the economy has changed. Amidst the continuing adjustments and readjustments, it is of interest to consider the nature of the impact on Japanese industrial organization. More specifically, what has been the effect on economic concentration and monopoly in Japan?

scholarly journals The repositories of the Prussian State Library collection in Lower Silesia during the World War II

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Jarosław Robert Kudelski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
State Library ◽  
Lower Silesia

German cultural institutions had been conducting preparations to secure their collections in the event of a war since mid-1930s. The Prussian State Library, the holdings of which included the most precious German manuscripts and prints, was one of those institutions. Air attacks carried out on the capital of the Third Reich triggered the decision to evacuate the collection to Thüringen, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Lower Silesia. Largest deposits had been located in the latter. The unique heritage items stored there included medieval manuscripts, prayer books, music autographs and newspaper yearbooks as well as letters and private documents of many prominent representatives of German culture and art. Those items were evacuated, among other places, to Fürstenstein (Książ) Gießmannsdorf (Gościszów), Gröditzburg (Grodziec), Grüssau (Krzeszów), Fischbach (Karpniki) and Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra). The evacuation was conducted in cooperation with the heritage conservator for Lower Silesia, professor Günther Grundmann. With his assistance, in the course of a few years, a unique collection was created in Lower Silesia. Towards the end of the war the collection was deprived of proper care, as the authorities lacked resources to secure it. This resulted in the destruction of some items during military actions. The remaining parts of the collection had been taken over by Polish officials and were transferred to library collections in Krakow, Warszawa, Olsztyn, Toruń, Lublin and Łódź.

scholarly journals Was Wealth Tax Levied in Turkey Between 1942 and 1943 A Crisis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Özer ÖZÇELIK ◽  
Öner GÜMÜS
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
World War ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Wealth Tax

Wealth tax was levied in Turkey in the period which World War II was on the agenda of the World. Put it differently, economic conditions of Turkey was quite bad. To meet the necessities occuring due to the bad conditions, Turkish government levied this tax. Then, an act known as wealth tax act was released. The amount of this tax was unusual. If taxpayers was to pay this, their wealth would decrease and if they was not to pay, they would be sent to work in general services. So, this application brought a debate about this tax. In this study, whether this tax can be accepted as a crisis or not will be debated within the scope of scholars’s views and wealth tax act. And, the study is ended with the hypothesis that wealth tax was a crisis.

scholarly journals A Post-World War II Tragedy: The Expulsion of Ethnic Germans From Poland and Czechoslovakia, 1945-49

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Lamontagne
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Third Reich

Through a comparative approach, this essay examines the cruel and inhumane way in which ethnic Germans were expelled from Poland and the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia in the years immediately following the end of World War II. It compares the nature of the expulsions in Poland and Czechoslovakia and how this negatively impacted the two countries in the aftermath of the expulsions. In Czechoslovakia especially, the nature of the expulsions of ethnic Germans greatly resembled Nazi policy toward Jewish people during the Third Reich. This essay also briefly examines the integration of ethnic German refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia into both East and West Germany. As a result of ideological differences in East and West Germany, expellees had very different experiences upon resettlement, depending on where they arrived in Germany. The purpose of this essay is to break through the common misconception that most, or all, Germans at the end of World War II were criminals. Many ethnic Germans expelled from Poland and Czechoslovakia saw themselves as Poles or Czechoslovaks, and did not associate themselves with Nazi Germany. 

Economic and Political Geography

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabi S. Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Political Geography ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

The development of the BRIC economies is being monitored on a regular basis by financial markets worldwide. This chapter discusses some of the reasons for their emergence and continued growth and the challenges they face. Next, it considers the third-largest economy, Japan, and the five Asian dragons, which grew at a phenomenal rate after World War II. It discusses “reactive modernization”—a path of fostering economic growth by negotiating with the ruling Western economies. Japan and South Korea are two classic examples of this kind of growth, where a hybrid of Western industrialization was combined with Eastern methods of operating. A closer inspection of the trading economies in the World Trade Organization would reveal that a growing number of them are from non-Western nations, and they play important roles in shaping the paths that globalizations need to follow in the new economic and political geography of the world.

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