scholarly journals Modeling Annual Poverty In A Metropolitan Area

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Mogull
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Font Size

<p class="MsoBlockText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Batang;">This study establishes a methodology to create annual rates of poverty within a metropolitan region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The site selected is Los Angeles/Long Beach, where trend lines are separately calculated for all residents, whites, blacks, Hispanics, female family heads, the elderly and children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The most striking evidence is the surge in poverty among Hispanics and children, which pulls up the overall rate for the region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The trends foretell the formation of an immense impoverished Hispanic underclass.</span></span></span></p>

California Poverty Without Los Angeles

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Mogull
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
The State ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Time Frames

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This study examines and projects demographic poverty within the state of California without the overpowering statistical dominance of the Los Angeles metropolitan region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The selected population segments include All Persons, Asians &amp; Pacific Islanders, Blacks, Hispanics and Whites.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>One goal is to provide a portrait of net poverty within the state of California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>By the end of the coming decade, poverty is projected to increase 25% to almost 3.8 million persons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This increase is due primarily to the explosive rise among Hispanics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>A second goal is to demonstrate a methodology that may be easily applied to other sub-national locales, jurisdictional levels and time frames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The methodology permits computations of annual poverty estimates in the absence of official statistics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Pre-tax Wages and Salaries in Largest Metropolitan Areas in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achintya Ray
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
The Usa

The article deals with racial disparities in the distribution of pre-tax wages and salaries for employed individuals in the USA between the ages of 18-65. This study is done for the ten largest metropolitan areas of the USA using the 2019 American Community Survey data. The metropolitan areas included in the study are Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, New York-Newark-Jersey City, Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, and Washington-Arlington-Alexandria. Employing well over a quarter of the total employed labour force in the USA, these ten metropolitan areas are also some of the largest industrial worlds. Average pre-tax wages and salaries, the standard deviation of the mean and Gini coefficient by major racial categories are presented for each of these ten metropolitan areas. For each metropolitan area, black employed individuals earned less in pre-tax wages and salaries than white employed individuals. The Gini coefficient of black pre-tax wages and wages is also found to be smaller for each of the metropolitan areas compared to the white counterparts. It suggests a much tighter distribution in pre-tax wages and salaries for blacks compared to whites. Furthermore, employed workers from other races earned less in pre-tax wages and salaries than their white counterparts for each major metro. Except for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim metropolitan area, black employed workers also earned less pre-tax wages and salaries than members of the other races. The Gini coefficients of pre-tax wages and salaries for various metropolitan areas for different races are found to be broadly comparable and often larger than that of the whites. Together, these results point to the fact that the pre-tax wages and salaries of black workers are lower compared to both whites and other races and more tightly distributed. Lastly, the relative inequality between whites and blacks and others and blacks often point to the relatively broader dispersion in the later group compared to the former.

scholarly journals Prevalence of health services usage and associated factors in the Amazon region of Brazil: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e017966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elizete A Araujo ◽  
Marcus T Silva ◽  
Tais F Galvao ◽  
Mauricio G Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physician Visits

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of healthcare use and associated factors in the Manaus metropolitan region and to describe the reasons for lack of access.DesignCross-sectional population-based study.SettingA survey conducted between May and August of 2015 in eight cities from Manaus metropolitan region, Amazonas, Brazil.Participants4001 adults ≥18 years of age.Primary outcomes measuresPhysician visits, dentist visits and hospitalisations in the last 12 months were the primary outcomes. Associated factors were investigated through the calculation of prevalence ratio (PR) obtained by hierarchical Poisson regression modelling.Results4001 adults were included in the study, 53% of whom were women. The self-reported prevalence of medical visits was 77% (95% CI 75% to 77%); dentist visits, 36% (95% CI 34% to 37%) and hospital admission, 7% (95% CI 6% to 7%). Physician visits were higher in women PR=1.18 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.23), the elderly PR=1.18 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.26) and people with health insurance PR=1.14 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.19). Dentist visits declined with older age PR=0.38 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.49), lower education level PR=0.62 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.74) and lower economic class PR=0.65 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.75). Hospitalisations were found to be twice as frequent for women than for men and three times as frequent among those who reported very poor health status. Among the individuals who did not receive medical attention in the previous 2 weeks, 58% reported lack of facilities or appointment unavailable and 14% reported lack of doctors.ConclusionWhile more than half visited the doctor in the last year, a lower proportion of people with socioeconomic inequities visited the dentist. Organisational and service policies are needed to increase equity in health services in the region.

scholarly journals An investigative study of the experiences of elderly people in a South African black township

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Chigali ◽  
M. Marais ◽  
R. M. B. Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
African Black ◽  
Loss Of Dignity

The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences which impact on aspects of the lives and sense of well-being of elderly people in a township in South Africa in order to make recommendations for future service delivery. A cross- sectional, qualitative survey was carried out in Mfuleni Township, a part of the Cape Metropolitan Region in the Western Cape.  Sixteen people of ages ranging from 60-82 years were conveniently selected from a group of elderly people who meet regularly at a community centre. Data were collected through focused  group discussions and unstructured interviews. Analysis of data revealed three main categories namely, psychological/ emotional, socio-economic and health, under which different themes emerged. The experiences of individuals in a given society may vary, but somehow, their basic rights tend to be universal as revealed by the literature. Loneliness and isolation, lack of recreation facilities, loss of dignity and respect, poor health services and lack of shelter are some of the experiences expressed by the elderly people in this sample. These experiences highlight the need for clearly stated policies andcommitment by governmental and non-governmental structures, appropriate health service strategies and improved socio-economic standards supported by properly researched data.

scholarly journals El surgimiento de la megaurbanización Nordelta en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires: consideraciones en torno a las nociones de ciudad-fragmento y comunidad purificada / The Emergence of the Nordelta Megaurbanization in the Metropolitan Region of Bu

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Florencia Girola
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Permanent Housing

En este artículo se focaliza uno de los procesos más generalizados y polémicos que se registran en las grandes ciudades contemporáneas: el desarrollo de conjuntos residenciales que cuentan con seguridad y que sirven de vivienda permanente a los sectores medios y altos de la población. Más concretamente, intentamos cuestionar y examinar –desde una perspectiva etnográfica– las visiones sobre estos conjuntos ancladas en torno a la categoría de fragmentación urbana, a partir del análisis de un ejemplo específico: la emergencia de grandes emprendimientos en la Región Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires; en este caso se trata de una singular ciudad privada y periférica. AbstractThis article focuses on one of the most generalized, polemic processes recorded in major contemporary cities: the development of residential complexes with security that serve as permanent housing for the middle and upper classes of the population. More specifically, the author attempts to use an ethnographic perspective to question the views on these complexes placed within the category of urban fragmentation on the basis of the analysis of a specific example; the emergence of major developments in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires; in this case, an unusual private, peripheral city.

scholarly journals Social networks and alcohol consumption among first generation Chinese and Korean immigrants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-255
Author(s):  
C. Richard Hofstetter ◽  
John D. Clapp ◽  
Jon-Patrick Allem ◽  
Suzanne C. Hughes ◽  
Yawen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Korean Immigrants ◽  
Dual Frame ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Chinese Origin

Hofstetter, C., Clapp, J., Allem, J., Hughes, S., Li, Y., Irvin, V., Daly, A., Kang, S., & Hovell, M. (2014). Social networks and alcohol consumption among first generation Chinese and Korean immigrants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 245-255. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.188Aims: To test hypotheses involving mechanisms of reinforcement of alcohol behaviors operating in social networks.Design: Telephone interviews conducted by professional interviewers in Mandarin or Korean or English with first generation Chinese (from Mainland or Taiwan) and Korean immigrants residing using a dual frame stratified sampling design. Combined probability and non-probability approaches for sampling due to the widespread use of cell phones. Interviews were conducted in language of preferences with over 95% of interviews in Korean or Mandarin.Setting: Residents of three counties with the largest proportions of eligible residents (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Bernardino) were included.Participants: Adult residents (21 and over) stratified by gender who could be reached by telephone constituted the sample.Measures: Measures included frequency/amount alcohol consumption drawn from NIAAA standard, a “relax, socialize, have fun with” name generator was used to identify alters. Reinforcers within networks were measured by participant reports of amount of alter drinking, drunkenness, and encouragement to drink, acculturation, and demographic variables were measured by self report.Findings: Using a random effects approach and controlling for other variables, including drinking in the network, acculturation, Korean/Chinese origin, and demographics, source of immigration, network context, as was and sampling frame, encouragement to drink in the network was related to drinking (P<.05).Conclusions: Studies of social networks in relation to health behaviors should include measures of actions within networks, especially reinforcers of behaviors, in order to understand the functioning and consequences of networks.

scholarly journals Modeling of energy amplification recorded within Greater Los Angeles using irregular structure

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan K. Saikia ◽  
Douglas S. Dreger ◽  
Donald V. Helmberger
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Surface Waves ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
California Institute Of Technology ◽  
Downtown Los Angeles ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Energy Amplification

Abstract We have investigated energy amplification observed within Greater Los Angeles basin by analyzing regional waveforms recorded from several Nevada Test Site (NTS) nuclear explosions. Although the stations are located nearly at the same azimuth (distances ranging from 350 to 400 km), the seismograms recorded in Compton (the central part of the basin), Long Beach (the southern edge of the basin), and downtown Los Angeles are remarkably different, even for a common explosion. Following the onset of Lg waves, the Long Beach sites have recorded surface waves for more than 100 sec. From one explosion, the sites within downtown Los Angeles have recorded seismograms with strong 3-sec surface waves. These waves are not observed on the seismograms recorded in the neighboring hard-rock site California Institute of Technology (CIT) station. Thus, they must have been generated by local wave guides. Numerically, we modeled these 3-sec waves by convolving the CIT seismogram with the response of a sedimentary strata dipping gently (about 6°) from CIT toward downtown. We also examined the irregular basin effect by analyzing the variation of cumulative temporal energy across the basin relative to the energy recorded at CIT from the same explosion. Variation up to a factor of 30 was observed. To model the energy variation that is caused by extended surface waves in the Long Beach area, we used numerically simulated site transfer functions (STF) from a NNE-SSW oriented two-dimensional basin structure extending from Montebello to Palos Verdes that included low-velocity sedimentary material in the uppermost layers. These STFs were convolved with the CIT seismogram recorded from the MAST explosion. To simulate elongated duration of surface waves, we introduced in the upper sedimentary structure some discontinuous microbasin structures of varying size, each microbasin delaying the seismic waves propagating through them. Consequently, the surface-reflected phases through these structures are delayed and reflected into the upper medium by the underlying interfaces. This mechanism helps delayed energy to appear at a later time and result in a longer time duration at sites located at southern edge of the basin.

scholarly journals Gene EBNA3C: Type of Infection by EBV (EBV1 and EBV2) Correlation With Clinical and Biochemical Parameters (AST, ALT and GGT) in Individuals With Infectious Mononucleosis in the Metropolitan Area of Belém, Pará, 2005-2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro ◽  
Iran Barros Costa ◽  
Igor Brasil Costa ◽  
Thais Letícia dos Santos Corrêa ◽  
Beatriz Monteiro Rodrigues Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Biochemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Biochemical Testing

Abstract Background: Two types of EBV (EBV1 and 2) have been shown to infect humans. This study aimed to detect the types of EBV that cause infectious mononucleosis and correlate these viral types with biochemical parameters (AST, ALT and GGT) in the metropolitan region of Belém from 2005 to 2016. Methods: A total of 76 cases of infectious mononucleosis were processed at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil. PCR was used to analyze the EBNA3C region for the recognition of EBV types. Biochemical testing (AST, ALT and GGT) was performed by the COBAS INTEGRA clinical biochemistry PLUS 400 / ROCHE automatic analyzer. The data were evaluated using the Statistical Package for Social Science - SPSS 17.0 and GraphPadPrism 7.0 for Windows (GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USA). Results: EBV1 infection was observed in 71.1% (54/76) of individuals, among whom those > 14 years constituted 66.7% (36/54); the average age was 23 years, and the number of women infected was higher (61.1% [33/54]) than that of men 38.9%[21/54]). The symptoms/clinical signs observed in infection by EBV1 were cervical lymphadenopathy in 64.8% (35/54), fever in 63% (34/54), headache and arthralgia in 20.3% (11/54), and exanthema in 18.5% (10/54). Infection by EBV2 was observed in only 17.1% (13/76) of cases. Coinfection by EBV1 and EBV2, most frequently showing symptoms of fever and cervical lymphadenopathy, occurred in 66.7% (6/9) and 55.6% (5/9) of individuals. Conclusion: EBV1 was predominant in 71% of clinical cases of infectious mononucleosis. The correlation of biochemical parameters in infection by EBV1, EBV2, and coinfection by EBV1/2 revealed a statistically significant difference in mean changes of EBV1 in individuals older than 14 years.

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