The Moderating Effect Of Long-Term Orientation On The Relationship Between Interfirm Power Asymmetry And Interfirm Contracts: The Cases Of Korea And USA

The purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of the effects of LTO culture on the contractual relationship between exchange parties under conditions in which varying levels of asymmetrical power structures exist. This study attempt to determine the validity of projecting conclusions originating from studies conducted in low LTO cultures such as U.S. and Western Europe to contractual relationships in the high LTO cultures of Asia. Therefore, investigations into the influence of LTO may be helpful in understanding contractual relationships formed in countries with differing levels of long-term orientation. Survey research was conducted to collect data from manufacturers, Structural Equation Modeling was used to purify measurement scales, and Multiple Regression was conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings show that LTO companies tend to prefer “soft” contracts, although they enjoy a power advantage over their suppliers; whereas low LTO partners with asymmetrical power advantages prefer “hard” contracts with explicitly detailed written requirements.

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HOW DOES PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AFFECT CARE? FOCUSING ON MOTHER-DAUGHTER CAREGIVING

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3273 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S895-S895

Author(s):

Ayako Baba

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Care Recipient ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Care Burden ◽

Child Relationship ◽

The Relationship ◽

Parent Child

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Long-term caregiver (child)/care-recipient (parent) relationships have both positive and negative effects on care. However, the mechanism of that impact is unclear. This study aimed to explore how parent–child relationships affect care and which aspects cause those effects. METHOD: Five hundred thirty-four adult children who were caring for or had cared for their parents at home completed the scales of parent–child psychological independence, the acceptance of care, care attitude, and care burden. Data were analyzed using a pass analysis with multiple group structural equation modeling to identify the relationship between parent–child psychological independence, acceptance of care, care attitude, and care burden, and the care dyad difference of the models. RESULT: 1) “Reliable relationship with parent” in parent–child psychological independence affected “resignation” and “understanding actively” in acceptance of care. 2) “Psychological individuation from the parent” in parent–child independence affected all subscales of care attitudes. 3) “Resistance” and “understanding actively” in acceptance of care and “auto-pilot” in care attitude affected care burden. 4) In mother–daughter caregiving, “resistance” and “resignation” had stronger effects on “auto-pilot” whereas “utilization of resource” and “flexible response” in care attitude and “resistance” had weaker effects on care burden. CONCLUSION: The relationship between long-term parent–child relationship and care were revealed. In some points, daughters who were caring for or had cared for their mothers had a different model from other care dyads. These results suggest that child caregivers should be supported mentally in accordance to their difficult points and dyads.

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THE EFFECT OF SALESPERSON ETHICAL BEHAVIOR ON SATISFACTION, TRUST AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY (Study on customers of PT Kawan Lama Sejahtera in Bali)

JURNAL ILMU MANAJEMEN DAN BISNIS ◽

10.17509/jimb.v10i2.16160 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 121-130

Author(s):

Putu Bagus Wedatama

Keyword(s):

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Customer Loyalty ◽

Ethical Behavior ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Product Information ◽

Total Sample ◽

Sales Force ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

The Relationship

The number of industrial equipment brands on the market has resulted in customers needing the role of sales force to get clear product information and good after-sales service. Sales who can behave ethically will be more trusted and can establish long-term relationships with customers. This study aims to explain the relationship between salesperson ethical behavior towards satisfaction and trust and its effect on customer loyalty levels at PT Kawan Lama Sejahtera at Bali.The population in this study were PT Kawan Lama Sejahtera customers who had made transactions at least 2 times within a period of 1 year. The size of the sampling was determined based on the non probability sampling method, namely purposive sampling with a total sample of 100 respondents. Questionnaire data that are collected from respondents, are analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS programs.The results of this study indicate that salesperson ethical behavior has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and trust which are a dimension of the quality of the relationship. Customer satisfaction and trust also have a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty. The relationship between salesperson ethical behavior and customer trust is mediated by customer satisfaction, where the effect is significant.The managerial implications of the results of this study can be a consideration in the process of strategic policy making at PT Kawan Lama Sejahtera improve company’s performance in the future. Salesperson need to behave ethically in marketing their products in order to increase customer’s satisfaction and trust, and also establish long-term relationships with customers.

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Examining relationships among cultural factors and expectations of CSR

Journal of Communication Management ◽

10.1108/jcom-01-2019-0009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 427-443

Author(s):

Minsoo Kim ◽

Candace White ◽

Chansouk Kim

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Different Types ◽

The Relationship

Purpose Studies have explored expectations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) among cultures, but findings are mixed. A more nuanced view of cultural dimensions rather than using Hofstede’s aggregate country scores can offer a stronger empirical foundation for studying the effects of culture. Based on two cultural dimensions and Carroll’s four-dimensional model of CSR, the purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between individualistic/collectivistic values and individuals’ expectations of different types of responsibilities (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic), the relationship between long-term values and individuals’ expectations of different types of responsibilities and the degree of skepticism about CSR related to these values. Design/methodology/approach This study surveyed panel participants in two countries, South Korea (collectivistic and long term) and the USA (individualistic and short term), chosen because they are at extreme ends of the cultural values continuum. Multi-dimensional aspects of the cultural variables were tested in the samples rather than using national scores as proxy variables for culture. Data were quantitative and various statistical tests including structural equation modeling were used for analysis. Findings The findings show that horizontal collectivism and the planning dimension of long-term orientation are positively associated with CSR expectations, whereas the tradition dimension of long-term orientation is negatively associated with CSR expectations. In addition, vertical individualism is positively associated with skepticism toward CSR activities. Research limitations/implications The differences in types of individual-collectivism (horizontal and vertical) as well as the different aspects of long-term orientation had an effect on the results, pointing to the importance of exploring the nuances of the dimensions as well as the importance of testing them within the sample rather than using aggregated national scores. Originality/value Previous studies that used a proxy variable for culture assumed that collectivistic cultures have higher expectations for CSR. While empirically supporting the assumption of the relationship between cultural factors and CSR expectations at the individual level, the study found that people who view themselves as autonomous within a group but accept inequality within the group (vertical individualism) are more likely to be skeptical of CSR activities and suggests that skepticism about CSR may be more closely related to individual viewpoints or to particular contexts or particular corporations rather than to cultural factors, which has implications for international corporate communication.

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Relationship between Challenges Militating against Mortgage Finance and Benefits of Mortgage Acquisition in Ghana: Case of SSNIT

International Journal of Real Estate Studies ◽

10.11113/intrest.v15n2.17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 55-65

Author(s):

Augustine Senanu Komla Kukah ◽

Andrew Anafo ◽

Luckman Hassan Abdul ◽

Andrew Victor Kabenlah Blay Jnr ◽

David Nartey Korda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Mortgage Market ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Mortgage Finance ◽

Macroeconomic Instability ◽

The Relationship

Past studies on the mortgage market of Ghana evidenced that absence of long-term sources of housing funds, low-income levels, macroeconomic instability, inability to assess the creditworthiness of prospective mortgagors among others plague the development of Ghana’s mortgage market. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between challenges militating against mortgage finance and benefits of mortgage acquisition in Ghana. Questionnaires were used to elicit responses from respondents. Convenience sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) respondents comprising staff at SSNIT Head Office in Accra, SSNIT contributors, beneficiaries of SSNIT funds, mortgage applicants, owners and occupants of SSNIT flats. Mean score ranking, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, one sample t-test and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were the analytical tools adopted. Dollarization of mortgage markets, access to funding for the scheme, macroeconomic instability and inability to assess creditworthiness of mortgage applicant were the most significant challenges. The most significant benefits were: (1) increase in the rate of house construction; (2) ability to provide a relatively low-interest credit; (3) capacity to mitigate housing deficits; and (4) capability to provide a relatively long-term credit for housing. Structural Equation Model was developed to evaluate the relationship between the challenges and benefits. The study is beneficial to stakeholders such as policymakers, financial institutions, Ghana Real Estate Developers Association (GREDA) and SSNIT contributors. This work is a pioneering study in Ghana on the relationship between challenges SSNIT encounters in mortgage financing and benefits of acquiring mortgage facilities with the assistance of SSNIT.

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La orientación al aprendizaje, al mercado y su impacto en los resultados empresariales: un análisis con modelo de ecuaciones estructurales / Orientation towards Learning, to the Market and its Impact on Business Results: an Analysis with Structural Equation Modeling

Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales ◽

10.37467/gka-revsocial.v8.1974 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 151-162

Author(s):

Jaime Gustavo Gallo Mendoza

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Organizational Performance ◽

Market Orientation ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Food And Beverages ◽

Business Results ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACTIn this research, we explained the relationship of four entrepreneurial capacities: market orientation and its influence on orientation towards learning and both, in the results of small and medium industries belonging to the "Food and Beverages" sector, located in Ecuador. With the aim that these types of organizations achieve a competitive organizational performance in Ecuador. A tool for small and medium– sized industries to operate in the market in the long term because competencies will be developed so that they generate more efficient results and therefore a greater competitive advantage.RESUMENEn la presente investigación se explica la relación de dos capacidades empresariales: la orientación al mercado y su influencia en la orientación al aprendizaje y, ambos, en los resultados de las pequeñas y medianas industrias del sector de “Alimentos y Bebidas”, en Ecuador. Con el objetivo que este tipo de organizaciones logren un rendimiento organizacional competitivo en el Ecuador. Una herramienta para que las pequeñas y medianas industrias logren operar en el mercado a largo plazo debido a que se desarrollarán competencias que generarán resultados más eficientes y por tanto una mayor ventaja competitiva.

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Relationship Marketing Model

International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management ◽

10.4018/ijcrmm.2018040102 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 16-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Sarwari

Keyword(s):

Relationship Quality ◽

Relationship Marketing ◽

Customer Loyalty ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Marketing Model ◽

The Relationship

To keep the customer loyal, today relationship marketing gets more and more attention in hospitality industry especially in the hotel business. This article develops a model of relationship marketing to empirically investigate: (1) the effect of emotions on relationship quality; and (2) and the effect of both relationship quality and emotions on customer loyalty. Here empirical findings are derived from a survey of 284 loyal guests at five-star hotels in Bangladesh by using structural equation modeling (AMOS 21.0). The findings of this article provide strong evidence of the relationship between emotions and relationship quality, which in turn are necessary determinants of customer loyalty. Findings imply that increase of the positive emotions of customers will increase the relationship quality between the hoteliers and the customers, which ultimately introduce more loyal customers in the five-star hotels in Bangladesh and make the hotels pursuit more competitive advantage, and long-term profit.

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The effects of the salesperson’s characteristics on buyer-seller relationships

Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ◽

10.1108/jbim-03-2012-0037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 616-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yonghoon Choi ◽

Ying Huang ◽

Brenda Sternquist

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Supplier Relationships ◽

Content Type ◽

Sales Professionals ◽

The Social ◽

The Relationship ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Seller Relationship

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the influence of the salesperson’s characteristics (organizational commitment [OC] and disposition to innovate) on buyer’s behaviors in buyer – supplier relationships. A model is proposed depicting the effects of the salesperson’s OC and disposition to innovate on buyer’s long-term orientation and opportunism through partner-specific value to the buyer. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 155 sales professionals of Japanese manufacturers. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings – As predicted, the salesperson’s OC and disposition to innovate enhance buyer’s long-term orientation through providing partner-specific value to the buyer, and in turn, buyer’s long-term orientation mitigates opportunism. Practical implications – The salesperson plays an important role for developing and maintaining Buyer-seller relationships. Based on authors’ results, firms should promote salespeople’s OC because a highly committed salesperson is likely to be more innovative when managing the relationship with the buyer and, in turn, increase the relationship-specific value to the buyer. Originality/value – This study makes two contributions to Buyer-seller relationship literature. First, previous studies on the salesperson focus on the social aspects in the relationship. This study, however, examines the salesperson characteristics in the exchange, and the results reveal the importance of including the salesperson characteristics in studying Buyer-seller relationships. Second, this study proposes the salesperson’s partner-specific value as a key boundary-spanning aspect mediating the salesperson characteristics and buyer’s behaviors in Buyer-seller relationships. The results confirm the argument, thus providing impetus for further studying different types and dimensions of transaction-specific assets in Buyer-seller relationships.

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The moderating role of personal culture on the relationship between retail brand personality and shoppers’ loyalty: An evidence of supermarkets in Vietnam

Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management ◽

10.32508/stdjelm.v3i4.574 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 328-342

Author(s):

Nguyen Le Thai Hoa

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Brand Personality ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Cultural Orientations ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Moderating Role

Nowadays, one of the most common trends in retail industry research is the attribution of human characteristics or traits to retail brands. The term “retail brand personality or retailer personality” was born with various definitions and measurement scales from different cultures. Therefore, this paper aims are (i) to develop retail brand personality measurement scale tailor-made for general supermarkets, the most popular retail format in Vietnam, (ii) to measure the impact of retail brand personality dimensions on shoppers’ loyalty, and (iii) to investigate the moderating effects of personal cultural orientations on these relationships. The scale was developed through two stages: Item generation and item purification with the collected data on quota sampling of 403 shopping-goers, and then analyzed by SEM and MSEM method (Moderated structural equation modeling).The results indicated that retail brand personality consisted of four dimensions: Reliability, Sophistication, Modern, and Family-oriented, significantly found to impact on shoppers’ loyalty, in which Sophistication and Reliability were the strongest. More interestingly, the moderating role of personal cultural orientations in these regards was greatly identified. Particularly, shoppers with high independence culture highly appreciated the relationship between Sophistication and Modern dimensions and shoppers’ loyalty whereas shoppers with high Interdependence culture only supported for the impact of Reliability on loyalty. However, both personal culture orientations were found not be significantly related directly to the loyalty. The findings may help retailers and marketers come up with more effective marketing solutions in terms of enhancing symbolic values for their retail brands and adjust their integrated marketing and communication activities accordingly. This paper has a significant contribution of exploring the moderating role of personal cultural orientations on the relationship between retail brand personality and shoppers’ loyalty by the new analysis methodology - MSEM.

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The Relationship Between Intra-Organizational And Inter-Organizational Coordination And Its Influence On Product Quality Improvement

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v24i1.1370 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amelia S. Carr ◽

Senthilkumar Muthusamy ◽

Peggy D. Lee

Keyword(s):

Product Quality ◽

Customer Service ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Quality Performance ◽

Functional Areas ◽

The Relationship ◽

Product Quality Improvement ◽

Quality Production

A sample of 225 firms is analyzed, using structural equation modeling, to test five hypotheses.  This study seeks to gain a better understanding of the practice of coordination among functional areas within the buying firm as well as between buyer firms and their key suppliers.  The implications of this research suggest that it is important for firms to focus on their long-term success as they work with key suppliers.  The research shows when the stakeholders of the firm support its efforts to coordination and cooperation with its key suppliers, the firm benefits.  Evidence shows cross-functional coordination enhances the firm’s capability to cooperate with its key suppliers.  The findings are significant to supply chain manager and to the various functional managers in charge of quality, production, R&D, and customer service and their respective counter parts in supplier firms.  Finally, this study expands prior research and fills a gap in the literature by showing the importance of inter-organizational coordination between the buyer’s supply management/purchasing function and the supplier’s operations function. This study reveals that conformance to specifications, product reliability and overall product quality performance can be significantly improved when these inter-organizational functional areas coordinate their requirements.  The study also shows that product quality can be significantly improved when intra-organizational and inter-organizational coordination occurs simultaneously.

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Branding Cities Through Medical Tourism

Open House International ◽

10.1108/ohi-02-2018-b0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 83-92

Author(s):

Mohammad Mehdi Kalantarzadeh ◽

Mukaddes Fasli

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Medical Tourism ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

City Branding ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Method Of Assessment ◽

The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between medical tourism and city branding as the main purpose. To this end, two measurement scales (questionnaires) were designed and validated. The data obtained through the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as well as structural equation modeling via SPSS and LISREL. The study was done in the city of Shiraz which is a famous tourist destination worldwide and has high capacities in medical tourism as well. Participants included scholars and managerial staff in the fields of medical tourism and city branding. The results confirmed that the four underlying factors of medical tourism include medical facilities and services, doctors and staff, tourism factors and costs. Furthermore, city branding was confirmed to be comprised of three underlying factors including place and facilities, opportunities, and residents and culture. Finally, according to the findings from Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method of assessment branding in shiraz it was found that medical tourism affects directly on city branding.

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