scholarly journals Microcredit As A Tool For Rural Development: A Case Study Of Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wali I. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Malaysia is a prosperous country in Southeast Asia with two distinct geographical sections separated by the China Sea. Because the country has one of the lowest poverty rates of any developing country with 5.1 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, microcredit projects which are typically aimed at poverty alleviation, have not grown as rapidly as in other developing countries. However, microcredit and microfinancing lead to the growth of the microentrepreneur class in both rural and urban areas. Historically, of the 11 economic sectors of Malaysia, four sectors, namely Agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining and quarrying; Construction; and Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurant did not grow at the rate of other economic sectors. A significant amount of economic activities of these four sectors take place in rural Malaysia. This was confirmed by the results of a Shift-Share analysis conducted by the author for the period of 2000-2005 and later compared with similar statistics for 2010. Using these results and comparing the success of microcredit in other developing countries, a case is made for sustained investment in microenterprises throughout rural Malaysia in the four sectors noted above.

Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110332
Author(s):  
Ruchika Agarwala ◽  
Vinod Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Traffic Fatality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Framework Planning for Reconstruction and Development of the Kurdistan Region Iraq

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
Othman Karim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Development Problem ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

The concept of the case study "comprehensive framework planning" is crucial to consider it encompasses a number of important issues relevant to rebuild and develop the Iraqi Kurdistan– especially the countryside- after miss-failure of the regional government to master the reconstruction and development problem, of which three major interconnected issues that of integration, coordination and sustainable development. It begins to produce connections of integrated governance, spatial integration, and sustainability to those of very local- and regional-based needs. Accordingly, it specifies the root causes the entire accumulated-chronically problems in both rural and urban areas and worked out the related solutions in form of a "frame work planning", within which the interconnected sphere, of Agriculture, industry, environment impacts, housing and related infrastructures integrated.  Then the study assumes that most of the reasons that have led to miss-failure of the regional governments lie in the miss-definition the problem itself that results in the sporadic, disintegrated, disjointed manner of planning actions of institutions that involved directly or indirectly in rehabilitation and development affair of the region. In addition to this, the development problem is still seeing to be as if the provision of housing only.

Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation and Security Infrastructure and its impact on Household Poverty in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Rajanpur, Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
Furrukh Bashir ◽  
Ismat Nasim ◽  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Saddam Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Internet Technologies ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Security Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a pivotal role in economic development and for reduction of Households Poverty. The present study aims at investigating the effect of various kinds of infrastructure like Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security on Households Poverty in one of the most under-developed districts of Pakistan namely Rajanpur. The survey was conducted for this purpose in the rural and urban areas and the researchers were successful to collect primary data from 300 households. The outcome of logistic regression suggests that Infrastructure in its various kinds i.e. Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security are found as sources of lower Households Poverty. Moreover, Age, Education, Income, and value of assets tend to reduce Households poverty while Households poverty is increasing due to large family size and in urban areas of District Rajanpur. It is suggested that Government should give special attention to the provision of 5G internet technologies, access to clean drinking water, and disbursal of soft loans for the solar systems for the under-developed districts of Pakistan.

The Rural–Urban Dichotomy Effects of Social Grants on Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Polokwane Local Municipality, South Africa

Social Change ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-420
Author(s):  
E.M. Mutyenyoka ◽  
J.P. Tsheola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Social Grants ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The scope of this contribution was to interrogate the alleged rural–urban dichotomy effects of social grants on sustainable poverty alleviation. One major problem that has marked previous comparative studies in this area is that there is no universally agreed definition of ‘urban’ or ‘rural’. Their inherent contrasts are critical to the applicability and effects of concerted interventions due to the diversity of actors, agendas, underlying intentions and so on. This contribution was anchored in the belief that socio-economic narratives were intrinsically distributed among rural and urban households as well as societies and so, too, were the effects of intervention strategies. The study, by focusing on Polokwane Local Municipality has argued that social grants have dichotomous and differential effects as a strategy for poverty amelioration in rural and urban settings. The paper has engaged on a scholarship synthesis of characteristics and contexts of the rural–urban dichotomy, types of social grants and dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas. In our conclusion, we consolidated recommendations revolving around the enhancement of the rural–urban effects of social grants so as to optimise sustainable poverty alleviation across space.

scholarly journals A General Perspective of Online Learning during Pandemic COVID-19: A Case Study in Chakdaha Block, West Bengal, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Bibhas Guha ◽  
Biswajit Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government

Considering education is the prerequisite for human development, World Education Forum (1990) declared that provisions should be made for educating all people. The Government of India has already ensured free and compulsory education to all children within the age group between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution (The Right to Education Act, 2009). In 2006, the Government of India has introduced online learning in rural and urban areas as a purview of propagating education. Online learning is the electronic education process by which a learner can learn effectively. Now-a-days, it seems to be a useful tool for upgrading and propagating education throughout the globe. Report depicts that internet access in rural India is nearly 20.26%, as compared to 64.84% in urban India, whereas in West Bengal the internet access is estimated as a whole around 11% (Internet Live Stats, 2016). Lack of infrastructure, hardware facilities, Government policies, strategies and schemes, awareness about online learning material usage, computer based courses, skilled trainers etc. are becoming a hindrance for online learning to rural learners. In this context, the objective of the paper is to evaluate the uses and effectiveness of online learning during Pandemic COVID-19. The implication of the study is discussed through a case study in Chakdaha Block, West Bengal, India.

scholarly journals The impact of remittances on household poverty

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohiomoje Iyemifokhae ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

In 2015, the inflow of international remittances to Nigeria stood at $20.5 billion (World Bank, 2016). This represents 3.5% of the global flow and 58.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa’s estimate. In spite of this increased flow, household poverty has remained pervasive in Nigeria. Previous studies have focused on the impact that aggregate remittances have on household poverty without considering the roles of the different types of remittances (cash, food and other remittances) on household poverty in Nigeria. This study was, therefore, designed to analyse the impact of the various types of remittances on household poverty across the rural and urban areas and the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. The study was premised on consumption theory which incorporates remittances as a form of income that affects household consumption. The methodology was similar to that of Mukherjee and Benson (2003). In this study, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) was used to estimate the mean of the per capita expenditures (which were compared with the absolute poverty line) of remittance-receiving households against households, community and regional profiles. Probit regression was used as robustness checks on the OLS estimates. In order to examine the effect of endogeneity, the Heckman’s two-stage estimation technique was deployed. The impact of aggregate, cash, food and other remittances on household poverty are chequered in rural, urban and across the six geo-political zones. These impacts are felt strongly in the rural and urban areas as well as in the North Central, South East and South West zones than in other geo-political zones of Nigeria.

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