The Rural–Urban Dichotomy Effects of Social Grants on Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Polokwane Local Municipality, South Africa

Social Change ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-420
Author(s):  
E.M. Mutyenyoka ◽  
J.P. Tsheola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Social Grants ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The scope of this contribution was to interrogate the alleged rural–urban dichotomy effects of social grants on sustainable poverty alleviation. One major problem that has marked previous comparative studies in this area is that there is no universally agreed definition of ‘urban’ or ‘rural’. Their inherent contrasts are critical to the applicability and effects of concerted interventions due to the diversity of actors, agendas, underlying intentions and so on. This contribution was anchored in the belief that socio-economic narratives were intrinsically distributed among rural and urban households as well as societies and so, too, were the effects of intervention strategies. The study, by focusing on Polokwane Local Municipality has argued that social grants have dichotomous and differential effects as a strategy for poverty amelioration in rural and urban settings. The paper has engaged on a scholarship synthesis of characteristics and contexts of the rural–urban dichotomy, types of social grants and dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas. In our conclusion, we consolidated recommendations revolving around the enhancement of the rural–urban effects of social grants so as to optimise sustainable poverty alleviation across space.

scholarly journals Estimating the Generation of Garden Waste in England and the Differences between Rural and Urban Areas

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eades ◽  
Sigrid Kusch-Brandt ◽  
Sonia Heaven ◽  
Charles J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Garden Waste

Garden waste arising from private households represents a major component of the biodegradable municipal waste stream. To design effective waste valorisation schemes, detailed information about garden waste is a prerequisite. While the biochemical composition of this material is well documented, there is a lack of knowledge regarding both the quantities arising, and quantities entering the services operated by waste management authorities. This work studied the quantities of garden waste arisings at urban and rural households along with the disposal methods used. A door-to-door interview survey, an analysis of kerbside collections of garden waste, and an assessment of materials brought by citizens to a waste recycling site were carried out in Hampshire, UK. If extrapolated nationally, the results indicate that households in England produce an average of 0.79 kg of garden waste per day, or 288 kg per year. On a per capita basis, this corresponds to an annual arising of 120 kg per person, out of which around 70% enters the collection schemes of the waste management authorities. The quantity generated by rural and urban households differed substantially, with rural households producing 1.96 ± 1.35 kg per day and urban households 0.64 ± 0.46 kg per day. Rural households adopted self-sufficient methods of garden waste management such as home composting or backyard burning to a much greater extent compared with urban households. Less than half of the generated rural garden waste entered services operated by the waste collection authorities, while urban households strongly relied on these services. A detailed breakdown of the disposal routes chosen by urban and rural householders can support authorities in tailoring more effective waste management schemes.

scholarly journals Attitudes and Factors Associated With Occurrence of Gender-Based Violence in Rural and Urban Households in Ibadan

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Adegbite Motunrade Betty
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Favourable Attitude ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is the resultant of gender-related power inequalities at both public and private spheres. GBV occurrence in rural and urban areas of Ibadan is the focus of this study. The study evaluated the attitude and factors associated with GBV occurrence among rural and urban households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from 200 respondents in Ibadan using interview schedule and structured questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency counts and percentages) and inferential statistics (PPMC and Regression analysis) were used to analyse the data collected. Many of the respondents (53.3%) had a favourable attitude against GBV. Household size (β = 0.204), attitude against GBV (β = -0.394), family influence (β = 0.287), superiority complex (β = 0.633) and substance abuse (β = 0.347) were factors associated with the rate of GBV occurrence. Despite the favourable attitude of people against GBV, the menace is still prevalent in the society. The general public needs enlightenment on the jeopardy associated with GBV. It is therefore recommended that suitable strategies like social media advocacy and entertainment education be put in place to enlighten the populace on the magnitudes of GBV occurrence so as to abate it among inhabitants.

scholarly journals Analysis of Green and Non-green Energy Poverty among Rural and Urban Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
O. A. Ajetunmobi ◽  
J. O. Oladeebo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

In rural and urban areas of Nigeria where alternative fuels were available, shift away from domestic wood fuel use were not taking place on a very large scale. The urban dwellers that normally use kerosene and gas were now systematically shifting to using charcoals. If energy situation should continue this way, economic growth and human development will be hampered in Oyo State. This study therefore, analysed the green and non-green energy poverty among rural and urban households in Oyo State of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select samples of two hundred and forty (240) respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire. The result showed that the mean age of all the respondents was 49.3 years while 66% of them were women. The average household size was 5 and 39% of the respondents attended tertiary institutions. Their primary occupation was farming (57%). The major energy sources available to the respondents were kerosene and charcoal (54%). The energy expenditure approach result showed that, 55% of the rural respondents were energy non-poor, 58% of the respondents in the urban areas were energy poor. The relative measure of energy poverty result revealed that 70.8% of all the respondents were energy poor. The logistic regression results showed that household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were variables which positively determined energy poverty of the rural households; age (p≤0.01), household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01) and expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables which determined energy poverty of the urban households and household size (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables that determined energy poverty of the pooled data. In conclusion, there should be an awareness, affordable prices of various energy types, advancement in technology, maintenance practices and revitalization of energy projects in the study area.

scholarly journals Microcredit As A Tool For Rural Development: A Case Study Of Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wali I. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Malaysia is a prosperous country in Southeast Asia with two distinct geographical sections separated by the China Sea. Because the country has one of the lowest poverty rates of any developing country with 5.1 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, microcredit projects which are typically aimed at poverty alleviation, have not grown as rapidly as in other developing countries. However, microcredit and microfinancing lead to the growth of the microentrepreneur class in both rural and urban areas. Historically, of the 11 economic sectors of Malaysia, four sectors, namely Agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining and quarrying; Construction; and Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurant did not grow at the rate of other economic sectors. A significant amount of economic activities of these four sectors take place in rural Malaysia. This was confirmed by the results of a Shift-Share analysis conducted by the author for the period of 2000-2005 and later compared with similar statistics for 2010. Using these results and comparing the success of microcredit in other developing countries, a case is made for sustained investment in microenterprises throughout rural Malaysia in the four sectors noted above.

scholarly journals Influence of Religiosity among Adolescence in Rural and Urban Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niyas Muhammed. P
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Religious Attitude ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Universe

Research largely shows that religion has a positive correlation to psychological well-being. Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that related humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life or the universe. From their beliefs about the cosmos and human nature, people derive morality, ethics, religious laws or preferred lifestyles. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4200 religions in the world. Many religions may have organized behaviours, clergy, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, holy places, sermons, commemoration or veneration of a deity, Gods or Goodness, Scarifies, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public services or other aspects of human culture. Religion influence individual personal and social overall development. Every religion is giving more importance to love and peace. However, a close looks on these religiosity highly influence in the individuals in both rural and urban areas. The study findings provide how the religiosity influencing among adolescence in rural and urban areas concluded that religiosity among rural adolescence is higher than the adolescence from urban area. Here we used “Rajamanickam’s Religious Attitude Scale “proposed by Rajamanickam (1989) for measurement.

scholarly journals Rural-urban Interaction Inclusion in Ongoing Latvia Regional Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Madara Markova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Development Politics ◽  
Urban Territories ◽  
Spatial Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
New Urban Agenda

The ongoing process of regional reform in Latvia involves the vision of both rural and urban territories. The nexus between the city and the countryside and inclusion of it into realistic policy is deemed a good approach for solving failures of the European cohesion policy. To study cohesion between rural and urban areas, there is a need to identify the meaning of two concepts – the city and the countryside. The field rural and urban territories interact is the regional spatial level. And to manage regional development the normative framework is important. Aim of the research is to find does the new regional reform in Latvia is in close cohesion with the New Urban Agenda, especially linkages of rural and urban. Development politics included in research tend to include a question regarding rural-urban interaction, but only in some points. Documents of the United Nations included in research provide a very clear definition of the actions to be taken to ensure cohesion between urban and rural territories. The next step would be to assess and understand how to achieve. The issues of creation and opportunities of cohesion have been discussed in Latvia. It is not clear does the ongoing regional reform in Latvia will achieve declared goals regarding rural-urban interaction after ongoing discussions with the local municipalities.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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