scholarly journals Potassium Recovery Potential of Selected Agroforestry and Organic Wastes in Ibadan, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Akindejoye F. ◽  
Hammed T.B. ◽  
Sridhar M.K.C.
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Coconut Fibre ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

This study explored potassium recovery from agroforestry wastes that may be a cheap alternative to imported ones. The wastes: Plantain Peel (PP), Coconut Fibre (CF), Coconut Shell (CS), Cocoa Pod (CP), Sugarcane Bagasse (SB), Sawdust (SD) and four common wood-fuel species - Antiaris toxicaria (Wd1), Cordia millenii (Wd2), Khayas senegalensis (Wd3) and Milicia excelsa (Wd4) were assessed for their ash content (AC) and moisture content (MC), using standard procedures of AOAC. Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine mineral concentrations: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, lead and iron of the wastes. In addition, efficacy of three methods of extracting potassium from ashes: cold water extraction at 35 OC, hot water extraction at 90 OC and steam extraction was assessed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation test at p˂0.05. Wastes with highest values in terms of AC and MC were: CP (AC- 11.62 ± 0.3 %) and SB (MC- 82 ± 2.64 %). The highest concentration of K (mg·kg -1 ) was found in CP (8,387.50 ± 2.00 mg·kg-1 ). Cold water extraction gave the most potassium yield (88.44 %) and the highest solid potash content was found in PP (68 500 mg·kg -1 ) while CP had the highest K concentration (12.51±0.20 g·dm-3 ). Cocoa pod, plantain peel and Cordia millenii are very good sources of agroforestry/organic wastes for local production of potassium both in terms of solid potash yield and potassium recovery potential. Development of a suitable technology which can be used to extract potassium locally is recommended.

Study on Chemical Compositions of Manihot Esculenta Crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)Stalks

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Jin Chen ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Qiu Ming Su ◽  
Li Juan Qu ◽  
Dong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Acid Soluble Lignin ◽  
Soluble Lignin

The chemical compositions of Manihot esculenta crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)stalks were investigated, the contents of phenolic hydroxyl group and UV spectra of lignin were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The result showed that the chemical compositions of Manihot esculenta crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)stalks were as follows: ashes 4.97%, cold water extraction 12.04%, hot water extraction 12.57%, 1% sodium hydroxide solution extraction 34.16%, benzene-alcohol solution extraction 4.20%, nitric acid-alcohol cellulose 35.86%, holo-cellulose 72.62%, pentosan 19.20%, acid-soluble lignin 2.51%, acid-insoluble lignin 26.10%, organic solvent-soluble lignin 1.07%, pectin content is 0.02%; it can be used as a non-wood renewable source of natural products.Phenolic hydroxyl content of organic solvent-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin are 1.245 mmol·g-1 and 0.261mmol·g-1 respectively; the maximum absorption wavelength of organic solvent-soluble lignin and acid-soluble lignin in the UV region is near to 205 nm and 280 nm, but shifts to long wavelength or short wavelength with the nature of the different solvents.

A comparison of several procedures for estimating the sulphur status on soils

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 948 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer ◽  
JR Freney
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chemical Procedure

The sulphur status of a number of soils was determined by several laboratory procedures. The chemical procedure which extracted amounts of sulphur showing the most satisfactory correlation with the sulphur-supplying ability of the soils (as measured by plant growth) was an extraction of the soil with a potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution containing 500 p.p.m. phosphorus. The superiority of this procedure over the other extraction procedures tested (cold-water extraction, hot-water extraction, acetate extraction, and Williams and Steinbergs's heat-soluble method) probably lies in its ability to displace adsorbed sulphate. The sulphate which was extractable by the phosphate solution was found to have decreased after cropping, by an amount which was closely related to, but not of the same order as, the sulphur taken up by the plants. The difference (uptake minus decrement), which represents the net mineralized sulphur, was small relative to the amounts of extractable sulphate initially present. Microbiological assay using Aspergillus niger was an equally reliable method for assessing sulphur status and had the advantage of simplicity. Except in two brigalow soils, the sulphur obtained by Aspergillus was very similar to that extracted by phosphate, which suggests that Aspergillus is able to obtain adsorbed sulphate.

Study on Chemical Compositions and Elements of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam Wood

2010 ◽  
Vol 168-170 ◽  
pp. 805-808
Author(s):  
Cong Jin Chen ◽  
Xiu Tuan Yang ◽  
Jian Ju Luo ◽  
Wen Qin
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Hydroxyl Content ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Acid Soluble Lignin ◽  
Soluble Lignin

The chemical compositions of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood were investigated and content of trace elements in wood were determined. The result showed that the chemical compositions of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood are as following: ashes 15.5 g•kg-1, cold water extraction 35.2 g•kg-1, hot water extraction 55.1 g•kg-1, 1%NaOH extraction 157.7 g•kg-1, benzene-alcohol extraction 79.2 g•kg-1, sodium nitrate-alcohol cellulose 467.6 g•kg-1, holo-cellulose 709.8 g•kg-1, pentosan 212.6 g•kg-1,Acid-soluble lignin 44.9 g•kg-1, Acid insoluble lignin 237.4 g•kg-1, Organic solvent soluble lignin 248.3g•kg-1, Phenolic hydroxyl content of organic solvent soluble lignin 0.25 mmol•g-1; the content of 12 trace elements in Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood are: Fe 959μg.g-1, Mn 9.37μg.g-1, Cu 5.60μg.g-1, Zn 17.1μg.g-1, Ca 2.26 mg.g -1, Mg 433μg.g-1, Na 28.1μg.g-1, K 1.05 mg.g-1, Al 46.2 μg.g-1, Pb 0.603 μg.g-1, Cd and Ni were not detected.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Different Number of Fins in Circular Tube

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kamil Abdul Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Finned Tube ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Copper Tube ◽  
Smooth Tube ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Flow Heat

Abstract-The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer by using different number of circular fins (8, 10, 12, 16, and 20) in double tube counter flow heat exchanger experimentally. The fins are made of copper with dimensions 66 mm OD, 22 mm ID and 1 mm thickness. Each fin has three of 14 mm diameter perforations located at 120o from each to another. The fins are fixed on a straight smooth copper tube of 1 m length, 19.9 mm ID and 22.2 mm OD. The tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of 100 mm ID. The cold water is pumped around the finned copper tube, inside the PVC, at mass flow rates range (0.01019 - 0.0219) kg/s. The Reynold's number of hot water ranges (640 - 1921). The experiment results are obtained using six double tube heat exchanger (1 smooth tube and the other 5 are finned one). The results, illustrated that the heat transfer coefficient proportionally with the number of fin. The results also showed that the enhancement ratio of heat transfer for finned tube is higher than for smooth tube with (9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 13.1) times for number of fins (8, 10, 12, 16 and 20) respectively.

Effect of Ultrasonic Wave on Lentinan Extraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1339-1343
Author(s):  
Wen Bo Zhang ◽  
Hong Rui Li ◽  
Jun Tao ◽  
Bing Bing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Technique ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Parameters

The research in this paper optimized the extraction technique of lentinan with ultrasonic assistant method on the basis of hot water extraction technique, and investigated the promoting function of ultrasound to polysaccharides extraction. Extraction condition was selected by means of orthogonal experimental design, four factors and three levels L9(34), after key elements were respectively chosen through single factor experiments. Comparison between optimal extraction parameters of two method, hot water extraction technique and ultrasonic assistant extraction technique, showed decreased extraction temperature and significantly shortened extraction time, which existed in the second means, improved the extraction efficiency. Lentinus edodes polysaccharide extracted with ultrasonic assistant technique, the extraction rate and polysaccharide content percentage increased 6.22% and 8.66% respectively, comparative to which extracted with hot water extraction technique.

scholarly journals Optimization of the extraction of galactoglucomannans from Pinus halepensis

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacera Benouadah ◽  
Andrey Pranovich ◽  
Djamel Aliouche ◽  
Jalel Labidi ◽  
Stefan Willför
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Extraction Parameters

AbstractThe effectiveness of pressurized hot-water extraction conditions for obtaining galactoglucomannans (GGMs) from Pinus halepensis suitable for applications like coatings and films packaging was investigated. For this purpose, high molar masses with high yields are required, presenting a serious challenge for hot-water extraction processes. The extraction of GGMs was carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) and the isolation was performed by precipitation in ethanol. Three temperatures in the range 160–180 °C and five extraction times 5–90 min were tested in order to optimize extraction parameters of GGMs, avoiding thermal and chemical degradation in hot-water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined gravimetrically after freeze-drying and weight average molar masses (Mw) were determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Total non-cellulosic carbohydrates were determined by gas chromatography (GC) after acid methanolysis. Free monomers were additionally analyzed by GC. Lignin in water extracts was measured by an ultraviolet (UV) method. Acetic acid was determined after alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl groups and analyzed by HPSEC. The main parameters influencing the extraction processes of the GGMs, namely, extraction time and temperature were studied. Optimal extraction parameters of GGMs were identified at 170 °C and 20 min extraction time, with average Mw of extracted fraction of 7 kDa leading to a GGM yield of approximately 56 ${\text{mgg}}_{\text{o}.\text{d}.\text{m}}^{-1}$, corresponding to 6% on dry wood basis.

Extraction of carboxylic acid-containing diterpenoids from Dodonaea viscosa via pressurised hot water extraction

Fitoterapia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca J. Deans ◽  
Wesley J. Olivier ◽  
David Girbino ◽  
Alex C. Bissember ◽  
Jason A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Dodonaea Viscosa ◽  
Hot Water Extraction
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