Combined Surfactant and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) Fruits

Introduction. Commercial pectin is usually obtained from apples or citrus fruits. However, some wild fruits, such as hawthorn, are also rich in pectin with valuable nutritional and medical properties. The research objective was to study and improve the process of combined surfactant and enzyme-assisted extraction of pectin from hawthorn fruits. Study objects and methods. The study involved a 1% solution of Polysorbate-20 surfactant and a mix of two enzymes, namely cellulase and xylanase, in a ratio of 4:1. The response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design improved the extraction parameters. The experiment featured three independent variables – temperature, time, and solvent-to-material ratio. They varied at three levels: 20, 40, and 60°C; 120, 180, and 240 min; 15, 30, and 45 mL per g. Their effect on the parameters on the pectin yield was assessed using a quadratic mathematical model based on a second order polynomial equation. Results and discussion. The response surface methodology made it possible to derive a second order polynomial regression equation that illustrated the effect of extraction parameters on the yield of polyphenols. The regression coefficient (R2 = 98.14%) and the lack-of-fit test (P > 0.05) showed a good accuracy of the model. The optimal extraction conditions were found as follows: temperature = 41°C, time = 160 min, solvent-to-material ratio = 32 mL per 1 g. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted pectin yield was 14.9%, while the experimental yield was 15.2 ± 0.4%. The content of galacturonic acid in the obtained pectin was 58.5%, while the degree of esterification was 51.5%. The hawthorn pectin demonstrated a good complex-building ability in relation to ions of copper (564 mg Cu2+/g), lead (254 mg Pb2+/g), and cobalt (120 mg Co2+/g). Conclusion. Combined surfactant and enzyme-assisted extraction made improved the extraction of pectin from hawthorn fruits. The hawthorn pectin can be used to develop new functional products.

Polyphenol, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract Obtained by Two Different Extraction Processes

Garlic is a globally used spice due to its pungent taste and a fishy deodorant and digestive stimulator. Owing to the widespread use of garlic in both Oriental and Western medicine, further investigations on garlic extracts might carry important implications in the industry. In this study, we conducted extraction of garlic extraction by two conventional methods and an ultrasonic assisted method. The processes were optimized with respect to various quality parameters including polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that extracting garlic under the ultrasonic support will show higher efficiency than the non-ultrasonic extraction. The optimal extraction parameters are: 70% ethanol solvent, 10/1 solvent / material ratio, 40 °C temperature and 40 minutes time. Keywords: Allium Sativum L., Garic, Polyphenol, Flavonoid, Antioxidant

The Influence of the Parameters of the Subcritical Water Extraction Process on the Efficiency of Isoflavones Elicitation from Soy Meal

Topicality. Incidental products of soy processing (okara, meal, millcake) contain a large amount of protein, and, additionally, other valuable biologically active substances. Among them, isoflavones are of particular researchers’ interest. Subcritical water extraction is a promising method for elicitation biologically active substances from plant raw material. However, such a method of extracting isoflavones, and its rational parameters for soy meal, remain insufficiently investigated. Aim and methods. The aim of this work is to study the influence of parameters (temperature: 120...160°С, duration of extraction: 5...15 min, hydromodule: 1:15...25) of the extracting process of soy meal with subcritical water on the isoflavones content in the dry material of the extract. The empirical research method is applied, using the second-order orthogonal compositional outline for a fractional factor experiment. The samples of soy meal extract are obtained using the experimental setup, based on the high-pressure reactor “RHP-2-500”. The total isoflavones content in the dry extract material is defined in terms of gallic acid with absorption spectrophotometry method. Results. Based on the obtained results, the quadratic interpolation model is constructed. This model links the total isoflavones content in the dry extract material with the extraction parameters. The analysis of the constructed model makes it possible to establish rational measures of extraction parameters. Conclusions and discussion. In this study, the intensive growth of soflavones content in the dry extract with highing the temperature process, and a relatively small influence of the process duration on this indicator, were defined. The influence of the hydromodule is ambiguous. The lowest yield of isoflavones is noted at hydromodule ≈1:21,41. Its increase or decrease lead to the growth of isoflavones content in the extract. In this paper, for the first time, the existence of rational measures of parameters in the process of extracting isoflavones with subcritical water from soy meal is studied and established. The obtained results can be used in the elaboration of the technology for producing isoflavones enriched soy protein concentrate.

CO2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace: Evidence of Advanced Bioactive Profile and Selected Functionality

The processing of sea buckthorn generates a significant amount of pomace, seeds and skin considered valuable sources of health-promoting macromolecules, such as carotenoids, pectin, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols. In this study, the bioactives from sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2), at different temperatures and pressures, allowing for obtaining four fractions according to separators (S40 and S45). The highest carotenoid content of 396.12 ± 1.02 mg/g D.W. was found in the S40 fraction, at extraction parameters of 35 °C/45 MPa, yielding an antioxidant activity of 32.10 ± 0.17 mMol TEAC/g D.W. The representative carotenoids in the extract were zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, whereas all enriched SFE-CO2 extracts contained α-, β- and δ-tocopherol, with α-tocopherol representing around 82% of all fractions. β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the fractions derived from S45. All fractions contained significant fatty acids, with a predominance of linoleic acid. Remarkably, the enriched extracts showed a significant palmitoleic acid content, ranging from 53 to 65 µg/g. S40 extracts showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, whereas S45 extracts showed a growth inhibition rate of 100% against Aspergillus niger after three days of growth. Our results are valuable, and they allow identifying the different profiles of extracts with many different applications in food, pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

In this study, the optimum values of propolis ethanol extracts parameters were determined with the use of single and multi-objective optimization procedures. The euclidean distance approach was used in the multi-objective optimization process. Firstly, propolis was extracted using water with ethanol contents 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% for 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Then, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of all extracts were determined. With the obtained data a prediction model was produced with the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), and optimization was performed using a moth-flame (MFO) algorithm. The best prediction models for the TPC and FRAP were observed in 2-5-1 and 2-5-1 network architecture with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, 5.126 and 2.451%, respectively. For maximum TPC, the extraction parameters were determined as ethanol content 57.50% and extraction time 13.56 h. To maximize FRAP, the optimized extraction parameters were ethanol content 72.03% and extraction time 18.04 h. The optimum extraction conditions for both maximum values of the studied assays were ethanol content 70.03% and extraction time 16.93 h. The study concluded that the integrated ANN and MFO algorithm system can be used in single and multi-objective optimization of extraction parameters. The established optimization model can save time, money, labor and energy.