scholarly journals Conflits Fonciers Et Problématique De Développement Rural Dans La Sous-Préfecture De Mongo, Région Du Guéra (Tchad)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Moussa Alladjaba ◽  
Hervé Tchekote
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Traditional Authorities

Located in the Guéra region in central Chad, the Mongo Sub-Prefecture is the scene of recurring conflicts related to the occupation and exploitation of the land. While the phenomenon is neither new nor specific to this part of the country, the scale it has taken in recent years makes it a worrying subject. This land conflicts are driven by a multitude of actors with traditional authorities, agricultural producers and the urban elite at the center. They are fuelled by the fact that the legal land tenure system, set up first by the colonial authority and then renewed by the Chadian authorities, has never been a reality in rural areas. To conduct the study the questionnaire survey was conducted from a sample of 106 households. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews supplemented the information collected through the questionnaires. The results reveal not only a pluralism of norms whose contradiction in implementation is inevitably conflicting, but also and above all the actors' play around rural land, with a multitude of conflicts whose impact is strongly felt by populations, both in terms of agricultural or pastoral production, and in terms of trade and social cohesion. At the end of the study, it turns out that the population largely ignores the laws governing the land. The result is a pluralism of norms, but the customary rules are preponderant. This determines several modes of access and use of the land.

scholarly journals Conservation Debates: People’s Perceptions and Values towards a Privately Protected Area in Southern Ecuador

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Verónica Iñiguez-Gallardo ◽  
Fabián Reyes-Bueno ◽  
Olga Peñaranda
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Land Tenure System

The perceptions and values that local communities have towards protected areas are of great value for the improvement of these territories’ management. Such perceptions and values are often absent in the conservation planning process, particularly in those privately protected areas that are established in areas where the land tenure system is based not only on ownership but also on customary uses. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and members of communities surrounding a privately protected area in southern Ecuador, we identify that the level of collaboration with the managers, the distance to the protected area, the percentage of untitled land, and the dependence on the resources (customary uses) are among the variables affecting these perceptions and values. Positive perceptions towards protected areas and naturalistic values are developed among those who collaborate with the protected area managers, whereas negative perceptions, and a mix of naturalistic and biospheric values are developed among those who have a sense of a lack of attention to social needs although supporting nature conservation at the same time. The evidence presented shows the importance of matching local peoples’ expectations with conservation goals during the establishment of a protected area.

scholarly journals Tsamdro (Rangeland) as a Source of Livelihood to the People of Bhutan

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Yeshi Samdrup ◽  
Kinley Yangzom
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Moderation Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Continuous Support ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Similar Area ◽  
Numerous Change

Tsamdro plays an essential role in providing resources for the survival of yaks, cattles and horses as these animals provide continuous support to herders in Naro, Merak and Logchina gewogs. There has been numerous change in land tenure system of ownership in tsamdro since 1960s of the ownership of tsamdro. However, in Land Act 2007; it was stated that tsamdro will be nationalized and policy will be implemented by 2017, yet the policy has not been implemented and herders still use the tsamdro as used earlier, where the owners had to obtain written permits from the Dzongkhag authorities to graze one’s livestock on one’s own grazing land by paying an annual grazing permit fee. This study aimed at determining whether tsamdro is a source of livelihood for the herders in Naro, Merak and Logchina gewogs. It was carried out in Naro, Logchina and Merak subdistricts (gewogs) of Bhutan. It employed a quantitative method by distributing questionnaire survey. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the data was collected from a convenience sampling method of (N=75) herders through moderation analysis. The moderation analysis showed that tsamdro is a source of livelihood (land asset 571.526*** and livestock 37.670***) to herders. Further research is limited to study area and findings are likely to hold good for similar area only. Further research to find other sources of livelihood and their socio-economic impact on herders is recommended.

scholarly journals A New Life for Forest Resources: The Commons as a Driver for Economic Sustainable Development—A Case Study from Galicia

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
María Bastida ◽  
Alberto Vaquero García ◽  
Miguel Á. Vázquez Taín
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Economic Sustainable Development

Communal forests are a unique land tenure system and comprise a singular legal category in Galicia. Their persistence over time demonstrates that this community-owned resource has overcome the “tragedy of the commons”, showing their capability to successfully develop self-governing institutions. However, communal forests have rarely been studied through the lens of economics. This minimizes the opportunity to explore to what extent communities of communal forests might be a driving force of general well-being, citizen empowerment, equity, employment, and local development. In this paper, we focus on this gap and address the opportunities. We detail this special ownership structure that allows residents of rural areas to exploit the forest as if they were a single owner. Moreover, we highlight the potential of communal forests to exploit local resources far beyond extractive processes, enabling the generation of greater added value to the economy while favoring a responsible treatment of resources. This enables productive activity integrated with the rest of the primary sector, while allowing for the maintenance of the population and supporting the local economy. Our results reveal a set of inefficiencies that can jeopardize common forest opportunities to become a sustainable economic activity, such as underqualified management, a low level of interest and commitment among community members, and excessive focus on logging. Thus, we propose several actions to improve collective engagement and active membership to better manage Galicia’s forests.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Student Achievement in Government and Private Schools in Pakistan

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4II) ◽  
pp. 841-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monazza Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Private Schooling ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Status ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Set Up

This study is driven by some fundamental issues evolving in Pakistan’s educational set-up. In the past few decades, the country has been experiencing what can only be termed a dramatic revolution in education provision. There has been an explosion of private schooling mostly at the primary but at higher levels as well and, somewhat surprisingly, private schooling cannot be relegated the status of an urban èlite phenomenon alone [Andrabi, et al. (2002)]. This has taken the form of many poor households and those in rural areas opting to send their children to fee-paying private schools rather than the non-fee charging government schools. This transformation of the education sector has generated many concerns among which the ‘equity’ issue has been raised to the fore. The unprecedented growth of cheap private schooling has also raised questions regarding the role of these institutions in the delivery of education, the question of parental ‘choice’1 as well as the future of government educational policy.

Are Land Conflicts Documented Sufficiently in India?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097300522199759
Author(s):  
Pramod K. Singh ◽  
Abhishek Nair ◽  
Jofri Issac
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Territorial Conflicts ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The Government

Land conflicts are impediments to socio-economic development. Understanding drivers and types of land conflicts is vital for peaceful conflict resolution and enhancing the effectiveness of institutions and agencies dealing with such issues. This article tries to develop and apply a methodology for tracking and characterising drivers and the types of land conflicts in India. We have applied the methods to peer-reviewed articles and thesis in the English language on land conflicts in India. Our results shed light on the most evident drivers and types of land conflict in India while challenging and supporting common assumptions. The key finding of our study indicates land administration as being the primary driver of land conflicts in India, followed by political, socio-economic and sociocultural factors. The most important type of land conflict occurring in India involves boundary or territorial conflicts. Of late, several conflicts are reported over special economic zones, which are also related to poor land administration and erroneous planning processes by the government actors. However, the published study reporting land conflicts in India fails to identify the root cause of such conflicts. In order to ensure better land administration, there need to have reasonably accurate and up-to-date records, which studies have not been able to identify. Another primary reason of land conflicts, which the studies have failed to acknowledge, is the problems germane to the prevailing land tenure system in India.

scholarly journals Barriers Faced by Rural Female Entrepreneurs of SMEs in Accessing Financial Institutions for Loans in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Md Shahadat Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Bank

The purpose of this study is to explore the barriers faced by female entrepreneurs of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in accessing the financial institutions for loans in Bangladesh. A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was applied in the study to collect the primary data. The study included ten female entrepreneurs from the rural areas of Bangladesh to recognise the barriers in accessing financial institutions, such as banks, micro-credit and other organisations. The study has identified that a complicated loan process, high interest rates, a lack of bank officer support, the biasness of officers, negative preconceptions about women and high bank account maintenance costs are the major barriers in accessing financial institutions in Bangladesh. The findings of the study will help facilitate Bangladesh and other developing countries to remove the barriers faced by female entrepreneurs and develop the business prospects set up by women. The study also discusses the limitations and the future directions of the research.

scholarly journals A Review of the Causes of Land Use Conflicts Between Farmers and Pastoralists in Tanzania and a Proposal for Resolutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Method Julius Gwaleba
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
The People ◽  
Land Use Conflicts ◽  
Heterogeneous Societies

Land use conflicts are complex disputes that contribute at large in terms of negative social and economic impacts within the heterogeneous societies. The mechanisms of success for land use conflict resolution still need further research because of various mindsets of the people. In this paper, the issues of land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Tanzania mainland which could lead to low economic development are reviewed and the general causes and effects of land use conflicts are outlined. Poor land governance, inappropriate of land use plans, inadequate land policies, land tenure insecurity, corruption and population increases are cited as being among of the main offenders fuelling land use conflicts in Tanzania. As pastoralists move across the country with large herds of hungry livestock in search of pastures and water, the livestock are randomly led into farms where they forage on whatever crops that may be in sight. Angered farm owners (farmers) often take the law into their hands and fight the invaders. Armed fights erupt resulting to human and livestock deaths, destruction of crops and homesteads, fear and poverty.Since a National Land Policy (NLP) is a key instrument for, among other things, land management and administration, land use planning, conflict resolution, and a stable land tenure security, both the countrywide lack of land use plans in the rural areas, and the (now) outdated National Land Policy of 1995 are brought in focus in line with the recurring land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists.The paper provides the case of how Mediation-Arbitration (MED-ARB) approach can be used in solving land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. Based on the various studies that have been undertaken and the recommendations made on this issue, the authors propose MED-ARB as the optimal way to put in place sustainable curative measures of land conflicts

scholarly journals The Environmental Effect of Land Use in the Tenure Systems in Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1889-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Grega ◽  
Emmanuel Kofi Ankomah
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Land Acquisitions ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Soil Depletion ◽  
Negative Impacts

This paper examines the land tenure system in Ghana and its impact on the environment. The main forms of land tenure systems are explained and the positive and negative impacts of each of these forms on the environment analysed. Specific attention is devoted to deforestation and soil depletion. The complex problems of land acquisition in Ghana, and the inherent insecurity effects on farming, which is considered to be the most important economic activity in the rural areas are examined. The analyses and the result proved that the insecurity of land tenure system has a direct relationship with the environment. Cross-sectional data analyses establishes that traditional forms of land acquisitions, ownership and land use form part of the main causes of environmental degradation in Ghana.

scholarly journals Farmer-herder conflicts, tenure insecurity and farmer’s investment decisions in Agogo, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selorm Kobla Kugbega ◽  
Prince Young Aboagye
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Traditional Authorities ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Traditional Area ◽  
Land Administration Systems

AbstractOwing to climate change, population growth and tenurial changes, the past decade has witnessed high interest among migrant and settler pastoralist groups in the vegetal-rich customary lands of the Agogo Traditional Area. This has resulted in lease grants of large land areas to pastoralists by traditional authorities and usufruct families, for reasons of ensuring optimum use and gaining the highest returns from lands. This paper examines the implications of consequent competing interests over land resources between farmers and herders on indigenous farmer’s agricultural investment decisions. The study uses qualitative methods and empirical evidence is given by primary data from semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions in the case study area. Results indicated that land owners exploit lapses in customary land administration systems to allocate lands in exchange for money, to pastoralists while neglecting indigenous farmers’ land use rights. Thus, indigenous farmers report land tenure insecurity and a sense of deprivation from their customary lands. Despite tenure insecurity concerns, farmer’s agricultural investment decisions remain unchanged because such changes in investment decisions may reduce incomes and compromise their livelihoods. The findings herein contradict theoretical expectations and provide new perspectives for understanding the relationship between tenure (in)security and investment decisions.

scholarly journals Teaching Land Law: Controversy and Land Policy in Hungary from 1948 to 1968

2022 ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Luka Dániel
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The One

Topic of the study. During the harsh Stalinization from 1948 agriculture had to be collectivized while land was not nationalized by decree as the Bolsheviks did in Russia in 1917. The Soviet legal system was a pattern for jurists but the differences made the transition to “socialism” more rugged and controversial. The legal scholars had to interpret a situation which had to develop further to full “socialization”. In order to do that, a “cooperative law” and a “land law” had to be created and taught as part of “agricultural law”. Research questions and methods. Land law consisted of regulations regarding private farmers and collective agricultural producers (cooperatives, state farms etc.), theoretically in the whole research period. How did the agrarian, cooperative and land policy affect legal theory on land tenure system? What kind of scientific dispute emerged on this matter and how did the attempts of codification of land law affect legal education? Various types of sources were evaluated, for instance protocols of council meetings of the faculty of law of two universities, archival sources, articles and studies from authors who taught land law and took part in its debate and codification. Results and conclusions. Law was used as a tool to boost transformation, and the lawmakers and jurists faced a paradox situation in which there was a need of codification of land law and to make it independent from other branches of law. On the one hand, jurists argued like Gyula Eörsi and Miklós Világhy that civil law had primatus in the legal system and property relations had to be included in that part of legislation during the “transition period”. On the other hand, many jurists, for instance Iván Földes, Imre Seres claimed that cooperative law or/and land law were separated branches of law despite the fact that mass collectivization was not completed until the spring of 1961.

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