Are Land Conflicts Documented Sufficiently in India?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097300522199759
Author(s):  
Pramod K. Singh ◽  
Abhishek Nair ◽  
Jofri Issac
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Territorial Conflicts ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The Government

Land conflicts are impediments to socio-economic development. Understanding drivers and types of land conflicts is vital for peaceful conflict resolution and enhancing the effectiveness of institutions and agencies dealing with such issues. This article tries to develop and apply a methodology for tracking and characterising drivers and the types of land conflicts in India. We have applied the methods to peer-reviewed articles and thesis in the English language on land conflicts in India. Our results shed light on the most evident drivers and types of land conflict in India while challenging and supporting common assumptions. The key finding of our study indicates land administration as being the primary driver of land conflicts in India, followed by political, socio-economic and sociocultural factors. The most important type of land conflict occurring in India involves boundary or territorial conflicts. Of late, several conflicts are reported over special economic zones, which are also related to poor land administration and erroneous planning processes by the government actors. However, the published study reporting land conflicts in India fails to identify the root cause of such conflicts. In order to ensure better land administration, there need to have reasonably accurate and up-to-date records, which studies have not been able to identify. Another primary reason of land conflicts, which the studies have failed to acknowledge, is the problems germane to the prevailing land tenure system in India.

AN EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAZING LANDS USING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT TOOL: A CASE OF CHIRUMANZU DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350017
Author(s):  
EDMORE KORI ◽  
AGNES MUSYOKI ◽  
NTHADULENI S. NETHENGWE
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Ecological Reserve ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Grazing Lands

The 1992 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development Summit underscored the need to conduct environmental sustainability evaluations. Such evaluations are important as they communicate the relationship between natural resources extraction and environmental regenerative capacity. We use the Ecological Footprint tool to evaluate the environmental sustainability of grazing landuse for Chirumanzu District of Zimbabwe. Empirical evidence presented here relates to livestock data obtained from the Veterinary Department and a sample household survey. Results revealed the presence of a large ecological reserve, depicting sustainable utilization of environmental resources. Further unravelling of the results, however, revealed under utilisation of the available biocapacity. Livestock-limited environmentally sustainable is the concept used to describe this scenario. Further interpretation of the large ecological reserve indicates insecure land tenure system, low livestock ownership and difficult economic hardships faced by resettled farmers. The paper recommends that the government adopts policies that encourage the development of a sustainable livestock sector.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF UAV SURVEYS FOR EVALUATING THE PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS OF TRADITIONAL AND MECHANISED FARMERS IN A CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2021 ◽  
pp. 617-622
Author(s):  
D. N. Olayinka ◽  
K. L. Omolaye ◽  
A. J. Ilesanmi ◽  
C. J. Okolie ◽  
I. D. Arungwa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
The Government ◽  
Customary Land

Abstract. In most of Nigeria’s rural communities, land holdings are small and uneven; and this impacts significantly on their mechanisation potentials. This fragmented nature of the farmlands also inhibits the creation of an effective land market. This study utilised a digital orthomosaic generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey in evaluating the productivity levels of traditional and mechanised farmers in Okeho Community of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria. The aerial survey was conducted with a DJI Phantom 4 Professional UAV covering 250 acres of traditional and mechanised farmlands to produce a very high resolution orthomosaic at 6 cm spatial resolution. Sixty-three respondents (61 traditional farmers and 2 mechanised farmers) were also interviewed using questionnaires. Their responses were keyed into a database with the Open Data Kit (ODK) data collector. The orthomosaic was classified into farmland units and a database of the farmers land holdings was created in ArcGIS software. Some parameters influencing their productivity were computed – Crop Field Fraction (CFF) and Crop Yield Index (CYI). The results showed that very few farmers had a shared equity on land (only 3%); most farms were acquired under freehold or lease. Also, only 1% of their farm sizes was larger than 5 acres. There was a sharp disparity in the crop field fraction (traditional farms – 32.2; mechanised farms – 68.8), and the productivity from the mechanised farmers surpasses that of the traditional farmers. It is recommended that the Government should support cluster farming systems among farmers to boost productivity.

scholarly journals The Role of Land Conflict and Land Conflict Resolution in a Peace Process: Mozambique's Return to Agriculture

Refuge ◽  
1997 ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
Land Access ◽  
The Government

The massive return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons in Mozambique (the largest in the histoy of Africa) has pushed land tenure issues to the fore in the county's peace process. While land re-access for the six million dislocatees is critical for food, security and political stability, conflict over land resources has become a primary concern of the government and both the regional and international community participating in Mozambique's recovery. Based on data recently collected over a year-and-a-half in Mozambique, this paper will look at the problematic issues of land access, land conflict, and land conflict resolution emerging from the recent 16 year war, and highlight the role of organizations from the national to the international, in land conflict resolution.

scholarly journals Towards Responsible Consolidation of Customary Lands: A Research Synthesis

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwabena Asiama ◽  
Rohan Bennett ◽  
Jaap Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
Food Productivity ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Land Reallocation ◽  
Customary Land

The use of land consolidation on customary lands has been limited, though land fragmentation persists. Land fragmentation on customary lands has two main causes—the nature of the customary land tenure system, and the somewhat linked agricultural system. Since attempts to increase food productivity on customary lands have involved fertilisation and mechanisation on the small and scattered farmlands, these approaches have fallen short of increasing food productivity. A study to develop a responsible approach to land consolidation on customary lands using a design research approach is undertaken and reported here. Based on a comparative study, it is found that three factors inhibit the development of a responsible land consolidation approach on customary lands—the coverage of a land administration system, a land valuation approach, and a land reallocation approach the fits the customary land tenure system. To fill these gaps, firstly, this study developed the participatory land administration that brought together traditional land administration approaches with emerging bottom-up approaches, as well as technological advances that drive these approaches together with the growing societal needs. Secondly, a valuation approach was developed to enable the comparison of the farmlands in rural areas that are without land markets. Finally, a land reallocation approach was developed based on the political, economic and social, as well as technical and legal characteristics of rural customary farmlands. This study concludes that though the land consolidation strategy developed is significantly able to reduce land fragmentation, both physical and land tenure, the local customs are an obstruction to the technical processes to achieve the best form of farmland structures.

Mission Land Tenure on the Southeastern Bolivian Frontier, 1845-1949

1994 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick D. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
American Frontier ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Demographic Patterns

The land tenure arrangements of missions in Latin America have received insufficient attention. Given the vast extent of land the missions controlled on the Latin American frontier and the effect that land tenure arrangements had on the functioning of the missions, this is a serious oversight. Rather than focus on land tenure, most studies of the missions have examined primarily issues such as evangelization, the labor regime, and demographic patterns. While these topics are also important, indeed vital, to an understanding of missions, an analysis of land tenure arrangements is a useful way for understanding the economic and even the political dimensions of mission systems. For example, the control that the missionaries imposed on their charges should have been reflected in a majority of the land controlled directly by the missionaries rather than holdings controlled by individual Indian families. In this sense, the land tenure system reflected the missionary regime in important ways and helps test hypotheses about economic resources as well as power within this controversial institution. In addition, the changes in ownership and use of land became a key ingredient in determining the survival of indigenous groups once the government secularized the missions.

scholarly journals Transforming Land Administration Practices through the Application of Fit-For-Purpose Technologies: Country Case Studies in Africa

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Danilo Antonio ◽  
Solomon Njogu ◽  
Hellen Nyamweru ◽  
John Gitau
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Inclusive Processes

Access to land for many people in Africa is insecure and continues to pose risks to poverty, hunger, forced evictions, and social conflicts. The delivery of land tenure in many cases has not been adequately addressed. Fit-for-purpose spatial frameworks need to be adapted to the context of a country based on simple, affordable, and incremental solutions toward addressing these challenges. This paper looked at three case studies on the use of the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) tool in promoting the development of a fit-for-purpose land administration spatial framework. Data gathering from primary and secondary sources was used to investigate the case studies. The empirical findings indicated that the use and application of the STDM in support of the fit-for-purpose land administration framework is quite effective and can facilitate the improvement in land tenure security. The findings also revealed that the tool, together with participatory and inclusive processes, has the potential to contribute to other frameworks of Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration (FFP LA) toward influencing changes in policy and institutional practices. Evidently, there was a remarkable improvement in the institutional arrangements and collaboration among different institutions, as well as a notable reduction in land conflicts or disputes in all three case studies.

scholarly journals Contested Land Restitution Processes in Cambodia

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Chanrith Ngin ◽  
Andreas Neef
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Transformative Approach ◽  
Resolution Processes ◽  
Land Restitution

Cambodia has experienced rapid economic growth due partly to excessive natural resource extraction. Land conflicts have been pervasive between local communities and companies that invest in land and other natural resources. Despite substantial research into land conflict resolution, knowledge about how land is returned to wronged parties and what happens to the returned land is fragmented. This review aims to provide a holistic understanding of land restitution in Cambodia by examining different types of land conflict, actors involved, and restitution processes. It provides both a macro perspective on land restitution and conflict-specific perspectives regarding how actors engage in different processes that produce various outcomes for disputants. We find both complications and ambivalence of the actors involved, particularly concerning their roles and influences in resolution processes. Specifically, we find contentious and ambivalent roles that non-governmental organisations (NGOs), donor agencies, and government authorities played in mixed results of resolution mechanisms in the cases that have yielded outcomes in terms of land restitution. Our review also suggests that the neoliberal policy that favours commoditisation of resources and the authoritarian patronage state disguised in a hybrid democracy allowed some grassroots resistance, civil society space, and responses from other concerned economic and political actors in the resolution processes. However, the state controlled and manipulated their engagement to benefit and maintain its economic and political bases, and it never allowed any transformative approach that could tackle the root causes of the problems. This understanding of complexities in land restitution is crucial to achieving land tenure security, particularly for local communities.

scholarly journals Conflits Fonciers Et Problématique De Développement Rural Dans La Sous-Préfecture De Mongo, Région Du Guéra (Tchad)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Moussa Alladjaba ◽  
Hervé Tchekote
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Traditional Authorities

Located in the Guéra region in central Chad, the Mongo Sub-Prefecture is the scene of recurring conflicts related to the occupation and exploitation of the land. While the phenomenon is neither new nor specific to this part of the country, the scale it has taken in recent years makes it a worrying subject. This land conflicts are driven by a multitude of actors with traditional authorities, agricultural producers and the urban elite at the center. They are fuelled by the fact that the legal land tenure system, set up first by the colonial authority and then renewed by the Chadian authorities, has never been a reality in rural areas. To conduct the study the questionnaire survey was conducted from a sample of 106 households. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews supplemented the information collected through the questionnaires. The results reveal not only a pluralism of norms whose contradiction in implementation is inevitably conflicting, but also and above all the actors' play around rural land, with a multitude of conflicts whose impact is strongly felt by populations, both in terms of agricultural or pastoral production, and in terms of trade and social cohesion. At the end of the study, it turns out that the population largely ignores the laws governing the land. The result is a pluralism of norms, but the customary rules are preponderant. This determines several modes of access and use of the land.

scholarly journals Bentuk-Bentuk Kekuasaan dalam Pemanfaatan Tanah Ulayat di Kabupaten Kampar

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Wan Asrida ◽  
Raja Muhammad Amin ◽  
Auradian Marta
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Communal Land ◽  
The Government

This research attempts to analyze the forms of power in the utilization of communal land in Kampar Regency. The interests of indigenous peoples in terms of ulayat land tenure feel threatened by the existence of plantation corporations by bringing large investments which ultimately provide economic added value for the Government and Regional Government. This study uses qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. Data was obtained through interviews conducted with elements of the Kampar District Government, Lembaga Adat Kampar (LAK), the Archipelago Indigenous Peoples Alliance (AMAN) Kampar, and traditional leaders. Technical data analysis in this study was conducted interactively. The argument from this study shows that there are 2 (two) forms of power that influence the implementation of ulayat land use in Kampar Regency. The first is visible power, where the practice of power occurs in the formal sphere in the policy-making process of recognizing and protecting customary law communities in Kampar District. In addition, the practice of visible power is also evident from the interaction between actors in resolving communal land conflicts that occurred in Kampar District. While the second form of power in the utilization of communal land is hidden power. This hidden power practice is carried out by corporate actors who are suspected of taking over customary land by playing their power in licenses issued by the Government.

scholarly journals Land conflict resolution: Case study in Sarirejo Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Juniaty D. Aritonang ◽  
Hidayat ◽  
Fikarwin Zuska
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Conflict ◽  
Community Rights ◽  
The Government

This study aims to describe the factors that cause land conflicts between the community and the Air Force in the Indonesian Air Force in Suwondo and the strategies that the community uses in demanding their land rights. The author chose a qualitative approach with the ethnographic method to understand more deeply what is behind an event that took the process, causes and conflict resolution. The results showed that the factor causing the conflict was the claim of each party to the land. Conflict resolution efforts are carried out by the community to obtain land rights through non-litigation advocacy processes and litigation advocacy. The results of these two strategies were able to encourage the government to restore community rights to their land even though it had to go through a long struggle. In July 2020 the government issued a policy to move the Sowondo Base to Langkat Regency.

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