scholarly journals Corporation Bell Labs is a factory of scientific innovations

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-168
Author(s):  
Vasily Kudryavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Cosmic Radio ◽  
Cosmic Radio Emission ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
Modern Technologies

The results of scientific research and development have become the basis for the development of the economy, the most important factor in increasing its competitiveness, the foundation of modern technologies. Therefore, the problem of effective organization of scientific research and the effectiveness of their financing is extremely urgent. The study of the evolution of organizational forms of science allows us to conclude that in firms that do not have government funding, scientific research at the Nobel level is often carried out. The story of the creation of one of these organizations, the world famous Bell Labs corporation, which is a real incubator of progressive scientific and technical ideas, is told. Over the years, Bell Labs employees have made a number of grandiose discoveries: the detection of cosmic radio emission, the invention of a point-contact transistor, quartz clocks, charge-coupled devices, the creation of information theory, the UNIX operating system, programming languages C, C ++, etc.Considerable attention is paid to describing the scientific and technical results of Bell Labs employees who have become Nobel, Turing, Emmy and Grammy laureates, as well as holders of the US National Medal of Technology and Innovation and the IEEE Medal of Honor. In conclusion, some other scientific achievements of Bell Labs employees that have not received the above awards are discussed. The experience of studying the history of the creation and functioning of this company can be useful when organizing innovative research centers in our country.

scholarly journals EXPRESSION OF THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA IN PHOTOS

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (05) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Jakhongir Gopurjonovich Inoyatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Comprehensive Coverage

In this article, the author aims to shed light on the evolution of scientific approaches in this field by studying the history of world photography. As well as the art of photography of the peoples of Central Asia and its importance in modern photography today. The main point of the article is to provide a comprehensive coverage of the formation of modern technologies by analyzing the scientific research in history through an in-depth study of the history of photography.

scholarly journals “Sofiyivka”— a masterpiece landscape design of 18–19 centuries on 225th anniversary of its founding

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Ivan Kosenko
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Technical Base ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The Creation

The material describes the history of the dendrological park "Sofiyivka", as well as its modern material and technical base for scientific research related to monitoring the condition and preservation of flora of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine; support and development of botanical collections, as well as biotechnology, genetics, breeding and reproductive biology of plants; Landscaping and landscaping not only ensures the preservation of the historic core and the development of the park, but also promotes the creation of already mentioned and other new varieties.

EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF WORLD PHOTOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Jakhongir G. Inoyatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Photographs ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Modern Technologies

The author's goal in this article is to shed light on the evolution of scientific approaches in thisfield by studying the history of world photography. The main important aspect of the article is shown in the presentation of the history of photography through a comprehensive generalization of the formation of modern technologies with the analysis of scientific research that has been in history through in-depth study.In addition, as a result of the research, existing historical photographs are analytically studied, reasonable data on the evolution of photography is provided, and the emergence of modern photography is highlighted

scholarly journals Del reconeixement a la comunicació científica. La presència de la dona als Premis Nacionals d''Investigació (1982–2019).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Segarra Saavedra ◽  
Tatiana Hidalgo Marí ◽  
Victoria Tur Viñes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Women Authors ◽  
H Index ◽  
Dissemination Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

Objective. This study analyses the history of the "Premios Nacionales de Investigación", a suite of awards for scientific research organised by the Spanish government, from the creation of the first awards in 1982 to 2019 and from the perspective of gender, in order to identify differences and similarities between the awards given to men and to women. Methodology. The study describes and compares the awards using the five indicators award name, area of research, recipient, recipient gender and award money. To determine the scope, visibility and impact of the awards, the study also examines the award winners' presence in Google Scholar using the four indicators presence, citations, h-index and i10-index. Results. The overall results reveal a persistent and pronounced gender gap. Of the 113 awards granted in the period under study, 102 (92.3%) went to men, and of the 1,340,649 citations counted in Google Scholar, only 4.7% were of women authors. The study concludes that women are clearly under-represented in Spain's national awards for scientific research, although when the data are related to visibility in Google Scholar, the results regarding the dissemination of research by women is more promising.

1. Before Alexander

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Hugh Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Effective Organization

‘Before Alexander’ gives a brief history of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and the kingdom of Macedon before they came into conflict, to set the scene for Alexander the Great's era. The Achaemenid Empire was the creation of Cyrus the Great (c.559–530). To maintain hold over such a large and disparate empire required effective organization. Central to the Achaemenid system was the person of the king himself. The Persians established in power the family that would, 180 years on from that point, bring down their own empire. Alexander III (Alexander the Great) was the great-great-great grandson of Alexander I, the son of Amyntas, a Macedonian.

scholarly journals Tracking Sandy: Monmouth County Remembers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Melissa Ziobro
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Community History ◽  
Monmouth County ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Comprehensive History

This article is a modified version of the exhibit text used in “Tracking Sandy: Monmouth County Remembers.” Guest curated for the Monmouth County Historical Association (MCHA) by the author of this piece, this crowdsourced exhibit was installed in MCHA’s headquarters in October 2017. The text is being published in this format to allow distribution to a wider audience/in perpetuity after the exhibit has come down, and to ensure the stories shared for the creation of the exhibit can continue to be told. This is not intended to be a comprehensive history of Sandy’s impact globally, in the US, or even on the entire state of New Jersey (NJ) specifically, nor is it a thorough case study on the effectiveness of crowdsourcing community history (though that may be an interesting subject for another discussion).

scholarly journals The history of the creation of the Lipetsk lacquer miniature (the problems of the school and production crisis)

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
Ольга Ивановна Мальцева
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Miniature Painting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
The Creation

Рассматривается и анализируется ранее не изученная часть истории русской лаковой миниатюрной живописи, которая началась более двухсот лет назад, но не все её страницы изучены и освещены. В статье выявляется уникальный опыт и проблема кризиса школы и производства. Данные, полученные в рамках представленного научного исследования, основанного на изучении истории возникновения и развития производства художественного промысла, анализа кризиса и причины упадка школы в их стереотипных и индивидуальных ассоциативных связях, закрепленных конкретными выводами об уникальном опыте создания художественного промысла в отрыве от мест бытования и причинах его утраты, позволяют понять, как избежать многих проблемных моментов внутри системы художественных промыслов и тенденции их современного развития. Исследовательский характер работы выражается в предложенных взглядах и выводах, опирающихся на архивную базу. В целом, выводы данного научного исследования содействуют систематизации анализа исторического опыта, результаты которого могут представлять интерес в пространстве русской национальной культуры и быть использованы как в учебных курсах в области декоративно-прикладного искусства, так и в художественно-производственной деятельности. This work analyzes a previously unexplored part of the history of Russian lacquer miniature painting, which began more than two hundred years ago, but not all of its pages have been studied and elucidated. Few people know that from the seventies of the twentieth century until 2000 there was an artistic craft of the Lipetsk miniature lacquer painting, the founders of which were the miniaturists of Kholui. The paper reveals the unique experience and the school and production crisis. The data obtained in the framework of the presented scientific research were based on the study of the history of the emergence and development of the production of artistic handicrafts, analysis of the crisis and the reasons for the decline of school in their stereotypical and individual associative connections, fixed by specific conclusions about the unique experience of creating artistic handicrafts in isolation from the places of existence and the reasons of its loss. The obtained data make it possible to understand how to avoid many problematic moments within the system of artistic crafts and the tendencies of their modern development. The research nature of the work is expressed in the proposed views and conclusions that draw upon the archival base. In general, the conclusions of this scientific study contribute to the systematization of the analysis of historical experience, the results of which may be of interest in the space of Russian national culture and be used both in educational courses in the field of decorative and applied arts and in artistic and production activities.

scholarly journals Del reconocimiento a la comunicación científica. La presencia de la mujer en los Premios Nacionales de Investigación (1982–2019).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Segarra Saavedra ◽  
Tatiana Hidalgo Marí ◽  
Victoria Tur Viñes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Women Authors ◽  
H Index ◽  
Dissemination Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

Objective. This study analyses the history of the "Premios Nacionales de Investigación", a suite of awards for scientific research organised by the Spanish government, from the creation of the first awards in 1982 to 2019 and from the perspective of gender, in order to identify differences and similarities between the awards given to men and to women. Methodology. The study describes and compares the awards using the five indicators award name, area of research, recipient, recipient gender and award money. To determine the scope, visibility and impact of the awards, the study also examines the award winners' presence in Google Scholar using the four indicators presence, citations, h-index and i10-index. Results. The overall results reveal a persistent and pronounced gender gap. Of the 113 awards granted in the period under study, 102 (92.3%) went to men, and of the 1,340,649 citations counted in Google Scholar, only 4.7% were of women authors. The study concludes that women are clearly under-represented in Spain's national awards for scientific research, although when the data are related to visibility in Google Scholar, the results regarding the dissemination of research by women is more promising.

The history of the formation and development of the Attorney Service in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Natalia Antonova ◽  
Valery Grebennikov ◽  
Tatjana Ilina ◽  
Victoria Kalinovskaya ◽  
Daniel Petrosyants
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The article examines the history of the creation and development of the Attorney Service in the United States, which has no analogues in other states, but due to its functions in criminal prosecution, it is often referred to the prosecutor’s office. The article deals with the organization and activities of prosecutorial supervision in the United States. The authors analyze the functions of the institution of the prosecutor’s office in the state, highlight the stages of activity and investigate the problematic aspects of the work of the prosecutor’s office. As a result of the analysis, the conceptual historical features of the US Prosecutor’s Office were determined.

scholarly journals The Commission of Conservation as a Forerunner to the National Research Council 1909-1921

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel F. Girard
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Federal Funds ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

Abstract This paper links the history of the Canadian Commission of Conservation (1909-1921) to the creation of the National Research Council through the fight between the two organizations for federal funds in scientific research. In my view, the Commission of Conservation (or COC) was abolished in 1921 because it persisted in advocating conservation, an expression of early 20th century environmentalism, in a world which was no longer interested in this issue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document