scholarly journals THE SPIRIT OF FREEDOM AGAINST DEHUMANIZATION IN FREDERICK DOUGLASS’ THE NARRATIVE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS, AN AMERICAN SLAVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Erna Cahyawati
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Black People ◽  
Frederick Douglass ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Black American ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
American Romanticism ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Descriptive Method

American romanticism is a literary movement in the 19th century that upholds individualism, and freedom from all forms of confinement of convention, oppression or tyranny. This study focuses on abolitionism or the anti-slavery movement found in Frederick Douglass's autobiographical novel entitled The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. This study explores American romantic literature's characteristics in the book by capturing the dehumanization experienced by black American slaves and their spirit of resistance to the white oppression. The method used is the inductive method and descriptive method. The results showed that black people could gain confidence in striving for equality and freedom from white oppression by learning to read and write.

Macroeconomic Variables and Sukuk Outstanding in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-570
Author(s):  
Nur Habibah Asri ◽  
Dwi Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Descriptive Method

Sukuk or Sharia bonds are one of the investment instruments in Indonesia. Since the 19th century, Sukuk has become popular with investors. Several previous studies found contradictory results that macroeconomic variables have a relationship and influence on Sukuk by observing the year before the pandemic. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a Vector Autoregression (VAR) approach. Through the optimum lag value, namely, lag 3, statistically it was found that there was a significant relationship between the variables of GDP, interest rates, and the exchange rate on Sukuk. In addition, several analysis results found a causal relationship between these variables.

Where Honor is Due: Frederick Douglass as Representative Black Man

Prospects ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson J. Moses
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ralph Waldo Emerson ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Frederick Douglass ◽  
The Self ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
African American Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century

Frederick Douglass may or may not have been the greatest African American abolitionist and orator of the 19th Century, but he was certainly the most accomplished master of self-projection. His autobiographical writings demonstrate the genius with which he seized and manipulated mainstream American symbols and values. By appropriating the Euro-American myth of the self-made man, Douglass guaranteed that his struggle would be canonized, not only within an African American tradition, but within the traditions of the mainstream as well. He manipulated the rhetoric of Anglo-Saxon manhood as skillfully as did any of his white contemporaries, including such master manipulators as Abraham Lincoln, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Phineas T. Barnum. I mention Douglass along with these wily exemplars of American showmanship, not because I want to drag out embarrassing cliches about making heroes more human, but in order to address the truly monumental nature of Douglass's accomplishments. Douglass, like Lincoln, Emerson, and Barnum, was abundantly endowed with the spiderish craft and foxlike cunning that are often marks of self-made men.

scholarly journals Concerning Abolitionism, Black People, and Capoeira in the History of Brazil: Social and Moral (Im)Balances

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Ana Leticia Padeski Ferreira ◽  
Marchi Júnior Wanderley
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Black People ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the changes that took place in relation to the peculiarities of Capoeira within Brazilian society. This popular practice, which is considered a martial art, a dance and a game, developed during the 19th century, where it was practiced by individuals from the lower walks of life. Practicing Capoeira was a felony, as it posed a threat to public safety, order, and morality. Presently, it has been upgraded to a Brazilian cultural asset, which shows how the perception of its practice has changed. These changes follow the different views of the historical processes related to abolitionism and the perverse incorporation of blacks into society at that time, which have continued until present time, having undergone significant changes and grown as a valued physical expression

scholarly journals In Spite of Dungeon, Fire, and Sword: Peadar Ó Gealacáin and the survival of the Gaelic Irish Literary Tradition

Oceánide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Ciarán Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Subsequent Failure

As we advance through the 19th century in Ireland, the Irish Gaelic Literary tradition, one of the oldest in Western Europe, found itself in danger of extinction. The failure of the Irish language to find foothold in the towns and cities, and the subsequent failure of the language’s literary movement to transition itself into the printed mode, left the literature and poetry locked within the oral and manuscript traditions. With the ethnic cleansing of Ireland by Westminster well under way, first through forced emigration and then through famine, a small group of scribes set themselves the mammoth task of preserving this national treasure by travelling the country and writing down the songs, poems, and prose which were the result of centuries of literary effort on the part of the native Irish. By the end of the period the population had fallen from almost 9.000.000 at its height to less than 4.000.000: with no monoglot Irish speakers left. However due to the efforts of this small group of individuals we retain most of our literary wealth. This work tells the story of one of them, Peadar Ó Gealacáin.

scholarly journals Middle Class Women Role in the 19th Century as Reflected in Bronte's Wuthering Heights

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
Desy Nur Indrasari ◽  
Fathu Rahman ◽  
Herawaty Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wuthering Heights ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Descriptive Method

The aim of this research is to describe middle class women role in the 19th century in Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights, and induce a deeper understanding of effect each role on two characters in society. This research is a qualitative descriptive method using sociological approach. By using sociology of literature, a literary work is seen as a document of social. The data of this research collected from the descriptions and utterances of the characters and narrator in the novel. The result in this research shows that the role of women from the middle class were represented by the characters of the novel known as Catherine Earnshaw Linton, the main female protagonist and the motherless child and also Catherine (Cathy) Linton, daughter of Catherine Earnshaw Linton.

scholarly journals THE ABORTION‘S ACT AMONG BLACK AMERICAN IN THE UNITEDSTATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Merissa Octora
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black American ◽  
White American ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Descriptive Method

This research focuses on the act of abortion among Black People in the United States based on history, the society environment, and two big major issues regarding the abortion act such as Roe vs Wade, and Pro Choice - Pro Life. Black people become the central point on this research because the fact shows that the largest population which do the abortion act and mostly considered as Black American in the first plce and the second one is from Hispanic American rather  than any other minority groups or even the White American itself and this happened  based on the history of racial discrimination or segregation toward BlackPeople. This research uses library research in term of qualitative method, and applying  descriptive method in analyzing the data. The approaches which are used in this research are the approaches which have a great related with the society and social problem. This approaches well known with the term of interdispliner study which have main purpose to elaborate many perspectives to become primarysources. The different treatment toward Black People based on racial discrimination experienced becomes the trigger why do Black People placed the highest number in doing abortion act in the UnitedStates.    

British Antislavery and West Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padraic Scanlan
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Black People ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Christian Teaching ◽  
Slave Ships ◽  
The 19Th Century

Resistance to slavery within African societies was as complex and heterogeneous as slavery itself. For enslaved Africans and their descendants taken by force to Europe’s colonies in the Americas, antislavery was an existential struggle. Among European states, Britain was among the first imperial powers to pass laws abolishing its slave trade (in 1807) and slavery in its colonies (in 1833). Antislavery was a transnational phenomenon, but Britain made suppressing the Atlantic slave trade an element of its foreign policy, employing a Royal Navy squadron to search for slave ships, pressing African leaders to sign anti-slave-trade treaties as a condition of trade and coordinating an international network of anti-slave-trade courts. And yet, for many leading British abolitionists, “Africa” was an ideological sandbox—an imagined blank space for speculation and experiment on the development of human societies and the progress of “civilization.” In the 18th century, early British critics of the transatlantic slave trade argued that “Africa” presented an unparalleled commercial and imperial opportunity. Although the slave trade—and the plantations in the Americas that slave ships supplied with labor—were profitable, some argued that slave-trading regions could, with enough investment, produce goods and commodities that would be many times more lucrative. Moreover, if Britain were the first European power to abolish the slave trade, it might also be among the first to gain a territorial foothold on African soil. Over time, these arguments coalesced into the concept of “legitimate commerce.” A combination of Christian teaching, slave-trade suppression, and commercial incentives would persuade slave-trading polities to give up the practice and instead produce other goods. Legitimate commerce intertwined with a theory of civilization that held that any society that enslaved people was so degenerate in its social development that nearly any reform or intervention was justifiable. By the end of the 19th century, antislavery became a justification for European conquest. There were at least three broad reform projects launched by British officials and merchants in Africa in the name of antislavery. First, drawing on critiques of the slave trade from the 18th century that emphasized the commercial potential of legitimate commerce, antislavery activists and politicians argued for replacing the slave trade with new kinds of export-oriented commerce. Second, in two colonies, Sierra Leone and Liberia, Britain and the United States experimented with the possibility of using Black people from the African diaspora as settlers and missionaries. In Sierra Leone, more than seventy thousand people, usually known as “Liberated Africans,” were repatriated from slave ships into the small colony. Third, in the mid-19th century, as the transatlantic slave trade declined, Britain and other European powers invested heavily in African plantation agriculture, particularly in cotton and palm oil monocrops.

Frederick Douglass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Fought
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Frederick Douglass ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Political Traditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Frederick Douglass (b. 1818–d. 1895), one of the most eminent African Americans of the 19th century, defies categorization. Possessing a ranging intellect, he first rose to prominence as the self-emancipated slave who forcefully indicted the institution as an orator, writer, and newspaper editor. Not content simply to bear witness about his first twenty years under slavery, he exposed national hypocrisy on race where it appeared in religion, science, segregation, voter disfranchisement, and freedom of association. Through the rhetoric of his autobiographies, editorials, and lectures, he advanced to the forefront of the multifaceted antislavery movement as it became a driving force behind national politics in the 1850s. The 1860s and 1870s saw him demanding emancipation, goading President Abraham Lincoln on the subject, but also fighting for black citizenship and universal suffrage. In the latter half of his life, he worked through the political system that he once opposed in order to secure equal protections and opportunities for African Americans, usually to frustrating ends. He continued to absorb and explore the boundaries of race, condemning cant, protesting injustice, and using his fame to amplify disfranchised voices. After his death, his widow, Helen, preserved his papers and home, now the Frederick Douglass Papers in the Library of Congress and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Park, which have allowed his legacy to rise above those of his contemporaries. Douglass’s interests concentrated on questions of identity, justice, race, and national belonging that were both universal and specific to the 19th-century United States. Study of his work and life straddles multiple disciplines. Initially, he was remembered for his oratory while his autobiographies served as historical texts describing slavery and outlining his life. Toward the end of the 20th century, the expanding availability of documents at the Library of Congress and the University of Rochester, the publication of Philip Foner’s The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, John Blassingame’s Frederick Douglass Papers Project, and new methods of historical and literary study opened new avenues into his world. Scholars working in one field borrow from others, but distinctions still exist in which historians use multiple types of documents to understand Douglass in his time, literary scholars analyze his texts, and political scientists examine his work among American political traditions. All reveal many facets of a man of infinite curiosity and continuing relevance.

scholarly journals The “Kühner-Stegmann” of 1914 and the “Oxford Latin Syntax” of 2015 and 2021: Comparing Two Examples of a Latin syntax of Different Times and Different Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-157
Author(s):  
Roland Hoffmann ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Descriptive Method

Comparing the grammars of so-called dead languages is particularly fascinating. The article compares two syntactic accounts from completely different time periods — a traditional and still well-known one from the 19th century and a modern one that has currently been published: the syntactic part of the “Ausführliche Grammatik der Lateinischen Sprache” by Raphael Kühner from 1878 and 1879, and the “Oxford Latin Syntax” by Harm Pinkster from 2015 and 2021. First, the general concepts are introduced: Karl Ferdinand Becker’s theory of the three syntactic relations (2.1), S. H. A. Herling’s theory of the equivalence of sentence parts and subordinate clauses (2.2), as well as the modern functional approaches of the theory of the simple clause (3.1) and the complex sentence (3.2). Six differences between the two Latin syntactic concepts are discussed. Three common aspects are taken into consideration, namely the corpus-based approach, the restriction to a single language, and the purely descriptive method as opposed to a normative or more formal approach. Among the results, it is concluded that both grammatical systems of the Latin syntax are legitimate and both should be used to address questions concerning Latin syntax.

scholarly journals المنهج البنيوي النفسي: التحولات والأبعاد والإشكالات/ Psychoanalytic Structuralism Method; Transformation, Dimensions and Problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
ʽUmar ʽAbdullah Al-ʽAnbar
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Psychological Method ◽  
Specific Dimension ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
Descriptive Method

ملخص البحث:  تشكل البنيويات نظريات نقدية غربية سيطرت على الساحات النقدية منذُ بدايات القرن التاسع عشر، وقدمت البنيوية النفسية كثيراً الأفكار والأدوات والنماذج والمحاولات المفيدة في معاينة النصوص الأدبية وتحليلها، وتحتاج البنيوية المعاصرة إلى مراجعة شاملة لتحولاتها؛ ولذلك اختار هذا البحث البنيوية النفسية موضوعاً له، واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي، وتهدف الدراسة إلى بيان تحولات البنيويات، والبنيوية النفسية، وإشكالات البنيوية النفسية. من نتائج الدراسة ما يأتي: أظهر البحث تطبيق البنيوية النقدية والنفسية جملة من الأدوات القادرة على وعي أبعاد النص الأدبي وتجلياته، وأظهرت الأدوات المنهجية التي يعتمدها المنهج البنيوي النفسي قدرة تحليلية للنصوص الأدبية، وتقوم المناهج النقدية البنيوية وما بعدها على فكرة الدمج والتعديل؛ حيث يتم الدمج بين الجوانب البنيوية والأبعاد النفسية لتخرج لنا البنيوية النفسية مؤلفة منهجاً نقدياً نفسياً جديداً ذا أبعادٍ خاصة ومهمة. الكلمات المفتاحية: تحولات البنيويات-البنيوية النفسية-الأبعاد-العلاقات-الإشكاليات.   Abstract Structural approaches are Western theories of literary criticism which prevailed since it first appeared in the 19th century. Psychoanalytic structuralism, discussed in this paper, tends to offer multifarious conceptions, tools, models, and disciplines for scrutinizing and analyzing literary works. Therefore, contemporary structuralism requires a comprehensive review to investigate their transformations. For this reason, psychoanalytic structuralism is the focus of this paper. The researcher uses the analytical descriptive method. The study aims to explain the transformation of structuralisms, psychoanalytic structuralism, and its problems. Among the conclusions of the study are; the application of critical psychoanalytic structuralism has proven the benefit of a number of tools able to bring awareness about the dimensions and manifestations of a literary text. The methodological tools that are used by the psychoanalytical structuralism method have the analytical ability on literary texts. This method is based on the idea of combination and amendment; combining the aspects of structuralism and the psychological dimensions to give us psychoanalytical structuralism as a critical psychological method that has significant and specific dimension. Keywords: Psychoanalytic structuralism, the transformation of structuralisms, psychoanalytic structuralism, problems.   Abstrak Pendekatan Strukturalis adalah merupakan teori-teori kirik kesusasteraan yang telah timbul semenjak kurun ke 19. Strukturalisma psikoanaltik yang dibincangkan di dalam kertas ini menawarkan pelbagai konsep, peralatan, acuan dan disiplin untuk mendekati dan menganalisa kerja-kerja kesusasteraan. Oleh kerana itu, struktularisma semasa memerlukan ulasan yang komprehensif untuk disingkap perubahannya. Untuk tujuan ini, strukturalisma psikoanalitik akan diberikan tumpuan di dalam kertas kajian ini. Pengkaji menggunakan metod analitik dan deskriptif untuk menerangkan perubahan strukturalisma, strukturalisma psikoanalitik dan permasalahannya. Di antara rumusan kajian ialah: penggunaan strukturalisma psikoanalitik secara kritikal telah terbukti dapat memberi manfaat kepada beberapa wadah yang dapat memberikan kesedaran tentang dimensi dan manifestasi sesuatu teks sastera itu. Alatan metodologi yang digunakan oleh metod strukturalisma psikoanalitikal mempunyai potensi menganalisa teks kesusasteraan. Metod ini adalah berdasarkan kepada ide penggabungan dan perubahan; yang menggabungkan aspek-aspek strukturalisma dan dimensi psikoanalitik yang memberikan kita strukturalisma psikoanalitik sebagai satu metod psikologikal yang kritikal yang mempunyai kepentingannya dan dimensinya yang tersendiri. Kata kunci: Strukturalisme psikoanalitik, transformasi struktur struktur, struktur struktural psikoanalitik, masalah.

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