scholarly journals „High Noon” at the Solidarity Corral: Wajda’s „Wałęsa” and the Classic Western

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Christopher Garbowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Psychology ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
Positive Freedom ◽  
The Town ◽  
Andrzej Wajda ◽  
Iconic Figure ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
High Noon

In 1989 the iconic figure of Marshall Will Kane from the classic Western High Noon was effectively used by the Solidarity opposition for aposter during the campaign for the historic June 4 elections of that year. Almost aquarter of acentury later, Andrzej Wajda released his Wałęsa: Man of Hope 2013, which more or less concludes at that historic turning point. One thing that relates Wajda’s film to Fred Zinnemann’s is that both can be considered foundation myths. In this article foundation myths from classic Westerns in general and Wajda’s film in particular are analyzed on the basis of their relationship to Isaiah Berlin’s distinction of negative and positive freedom. Typically the classic Western deals with the problem of positive freedom, especially in the town-tamer subgenre to which High Noon belongs. Conversely, Wajda’s Wałęsa is concerned with the problem of negative freedom. Both positive and negative freedom myths within the examined film narratives cope with the problem of the hero in relation to political psychology and shed light on the issue of political realism.W SAMO POŁUDNIE W CORRALU SOLIDARNOŚCI — WAŁĘSA WAJDY A KLASYCZNY WESTERNW 1989 roku ikoniczna postać szeryfa Willa Kane’a z klasycznego westernu W samo południe była skutecznie używana przez solidarnościową opozycję na plakatach podczas kampanii poprzedzającej historyczne wybory 4 czerwca tego roku. Prawie ćwierć wieku później Andrzej Wajda zrealizował film Wałęsa: człowiek z nadziei 2013, który mniej więcej reasumuje ten historyczny zwrot. Jedna rzecz, która nawiązuje w filmie Wajdy do utworu Zinnemanna, to iż oba filmy mogą być postrzegane jako fundamenty mitów. W niniejszym szkicu fundamenty mitów z klasycznych westernów w ogóle i w filmie Wajdy w szczególności są analizowane na podstawie ich powiązań z rozróżnieniem pozytywnej i negatywnej wolności przez Isaiaha Berlina. Typowy klasyczny western podejmuje wątek pozytywnej wolności, szczególnie w odmianie town-tamer, do której należy W samo południe. Film Wajdy o Wałęsie — odwrotnie — podejmuje problem wolności negatywnej. Zarówno mit pozytywnej, jak i negatywnej wolności w ramach badanych opowieści obejmują problematykę bohatera w relacji do politycznej psychologii i rzucają światło na zagadnienie politycznego realizmu.                                                                                              Przeł. Kordian Bobowski

“House and Open-Air School in One”

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Raymond Richard Neutra
Keyword(s):  
Educational Program ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Healthy Living ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Educational Theories ◽  
Richard Neutra ◽  
Shed Light

The Lovell Health House (1927–1929) by Richard Neutra for Dr. Phillip Lovell and his wife, Leah Lovell, was a turning point in modern architecture. The house not only carried out Phillip Lovell’s principles of healthy living, it also incorporated a school conducted along the progressive educational theories embraced by Leah Lovell. This article identifies the educational features in Neutra’s plan. Interviews with one of the last remaining students of the school shed light on the students and faculty and how the design served the school’s curriculum. Neutra’s innovative design accommodating the progressive educational program at the Lovell Health House belongs in any discussion of the later school designs for which he won lasting acclaim.

8. Infrared Reflectography of Edward Hopper’s High Noon: Questions of Authentication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Early American ◽  
Edward Hopper ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
The Media ◽  
Catalogue Raisonne ◽  
Infrared Reflectography ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Ir Reflectography ◽  
High Noon

An unprovenanced oil study, purportedly by the early American realist Edward Hopper (188* -1967), was purchased in 2007 on eBay by a pair of brothers from Ontario. It is a smaller, poorly-executed near-copy of Hopper’s High Noon at the Dayton Art Institute. Given that detailed diary entries by Hopper’s wife, Josephine, note only that four charcoal sketches preceded the final version of High Noon, and fail to mention an oil study, Gail Levin, the author of Hopper’s catalogue raisonné, has conservatively concluded that it can at best be assigned to a dedicated follower. Can Infrared Reflectography of the two paintings shed light on the question of authenticity? Many pigments used by Hopper become transparent in the Near Infrared spectrum, a fact verified by a test-panel. By using a DSLR camera, converted to detect IR, charcoal sketches on the primed canvas of the original were revealed. While IR Reflectography reveals earlier stages in the composition of the authentic High Noon, stages suggested by the charcoal sketches, IR does not provide positive proof for the authenticity of the oil sketch. The issue of authenticity became further complicated when the media, led by the Globe and Mail, took up the case of the owners and overstated the IR results. At present the IR investigation suggests only that the oil study was painted by a follower working from either Josephine’s diary or, more intriguingly, from Hopper’s own sketches, which are held in a private collection.

scholarly journals ACTUALIZATION OF HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE DEBATE ON THE PRESERVATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMAGE OF A TOWN

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
Алина Полякова
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Local Newspaper ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
Historical Image ◽  
The Town ◽  
Shed Light

Статья посвящена анализу стратегий аргументаций, которые используют стороны, участвующие в обсуждении практик сохранения исторического и архитектурного облика города. В статье проводится анализ аргументационных и риторических стратегий на примере конфликта, возникшего вокруг разрушения историко-архитектурной среды города Боровска в Калужской области в 2018 году. Исследование основывается на публикациях федеральных и региональных СМИ. Обращается особое внимание на оформление стратегий аргументации сторонами конфликта, которая отражается в городской газете. В анализе выделены типы аргументов участников столкновения (активисты-градозащитники, администрация города, местные жители) и типы отношения к историческому облику города. В статье подчеркивается, что речевые акты участников можно рассматривать как часть исторического и социального дискурса. Это позволяет включить в исследование проблему исторической памяти местного сообщества, которая раскрывает лежащую в основании конфликта необходимость обновления опыта исторического облика города через сохранение его архитектурного комплекса. The article focuses on the argumentation strategies that were implemented during the discussion concerning the practices of preservation of the historical and architectural heritage of the town of Borovsk in Kaluga region. An analysis is provided of the arguments and rhetoric during the clash that followed the destruction of the historical and architectural heritage of Borovsk in 2018. The research is based on the publications of federal and regional media. It specifically pays attention to the formation of the argumentation strategies that were employed by all sides of the conflict in a local newspaper. Arguments that the participants (activists defending the urban heritage, the local administration, and the town’s inhabitants) used during the clash and types of attitudes towards the historical image of Borovsk are all emphasized in the analysis. The article considers the participants’ speech acts as a part of historical and social discourse. This approach will allow to shed light on the problem of the historical memory of the local community and point towards the necessity of the renewal of the historical experience of the town and its architectural heritage.

scholarly journals Freedom to Know Me: The Conflict between Identity and Mennonite Culture in Miriam Toews’ A Complicated Kindness

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Rita Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
Positive Freedom ◽  
Low German ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
East Village ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Culture

In Miriam Toews’s A Complicated Kindness (2004; Giller Prize finalist; winner of Canada's Governor General's Award) Nomi Nickel, a sixteen-year-old Mennonite girl from southern Manitoba, Canada, tells the story of her short life before her excommunication from the closed community of the fictional East Village. East Village is based on a real town in southern Manitoba called Steinbach (where Toews was born), where Mennonite culture remains segregated from the rest of the world to protect its distinctive Anabaptist Protestantism and to keep its language, Mennonite Low German or Plattdeutsch, a living language, one which is both linguistically demotic yet ethnically hieratic because of its role in Mennonite faith. Since the Reformation, and more precisely the work of Menno Simons after whom this ethno-religious group was christened, Mennonites have used their particular brand of Low German to separate themselves from the rest of humankind. Toews constructs her novel as a multilingual narrative, to represent the cultural and religious tensions within. Set in the early 1980s, A Complicated Kindness details the events that lead up to Nomi’s excommunication, or shunning; Nomi’s exclusion is partly due to her embracing of the “English” culture through popular, mostly 1970s, music and books such as J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. Insofar as Toews’s novel presents the conflict between the teenaged narrator and the patriarchal, conservative Mennonite culture, the books stands at the crossroads of negative and positive freedom. Put succinctly, since the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation, Mennonites have sought negative freedom, or freedom from persecution, yet its own tenets foreclose on the positive freedom of its individual members. This problem reaches its most intense expression in contemporary Mennonitism, both in Canada and in the EU, for Mennonite culture returns constantly to its founding precepts, even through the passage of time, coupled with diasporic history. Toews presents this conflict between this early modern religious subculture and postmodern liberal democracy through the eyes of a sarcastic, satirical Nomi, who, in this Bildungsroman, must solve the dialectic of her very identity: literally, the negative freedom of No Me or positive freedom of Know Me. As Mennonite writing in Canada is a relatively new phenomenon, about 50 years old, the question for those who call themselves Mennonite writers arises in terms of deciding between new, migrant, separate-group writing and writing as English-speaking Canadians.

WHEN THE PRESENT MISUNDERSTANDS THE PAST HOW A MODERN ARAB INTELLECTUAL RECLAIMED HIS OWN HERITAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Tahiri
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The West ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intellectual Elite ◽  
Knowledge Tradition ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe beginning of the 20th century has witnessed a significant development that has renewed and stimulated the long passionate historical relationship between two great civilisations which are traditionally known as the West and the East. Following their ancestors who cultivated the quest for knowledge tradition, some Arab scholars have come to leading European countries to learn the latest advancement in knowledge. They did not expect they would be confronted with what seems to be the poor showing of their scientific and cultural heritage according to the assessment that was carried out in the previous century by Western scholars and historians. The Western study of the Eastern heritage had such influence that it has generated new Arab intellectual elite which blames the past for the present difficulties. Following the discovery of major scientific Arabic works in the second half of the 20th century, some Arab scholars like Ibrahim Madkour realised that they had in fact just misunderstood their own tradition. What is the source of their misunderstanding? How did they become aware of it? And how can a better understanding of the past change present attitudes and guide future actions? By attempting to provide some answers to such questions, the aim of this paper is to shed light on what seems to be a turning point in modern Arabic intellectual history.

Bringing Essanay’s “Special Eastern” to Ithaca

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Barbara Tepa Lupack
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Close Supervision ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
Production Company ◽  
The Town

This chapter describes Ted Wharton's brief stay in Ithaca, wherein he shot Football Days at Cornell (1912), the picture that would prove to be a turning point in his career. Convinced that the town would be an ideal location for a full season of summer shooting, he pressed George K. Spoor, cofounder of Essanay, to allow him to establish a temporary Ithaca studio facility. Spoor agreed to authorize the venture, and in May of 1913, Ted returned to Ithaca with the “Special Eastern,” a complete company of some twenty crew members and photoplayers, including the studio's biggest star, Francis X. Bushman, and his frequent leading lady Beverly Bayne. The Hermit of Lonely Gulch was the first of the pictures the “Special Eastern” would produce that season, and it proved to be an excellent start. Other pictures produced that season include Sunlight, For Old Time's Sake, A Woman Scorned, Tony the Fiddler, and Dear Old Girl. The chapter then considers assistant director Archer MacMackin, who—working under Ted's close supervision—kept himself and the company busy throughout the summer with rehearsals and production. The Toll of the Marshes would be the last picture filmed by Ted's Essanay “Special Eastern.” After the company decided against opening a permanent eastern studio, Ted terminated his contractual association with Essanay and moved to Ithaca to form his own independent production company.

Children’s agency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyn Fives
Keyword(s):  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
Positive Freedom ◽  
Children’S Agency

Even when parents exercise their power in a paternalistic fashion so as to make up for children’s deficits, parents can be faced with moral dilemmas, conflicts which call into question the legitimacy of parents’ exercise of power even in these instances. This is the case, I shall argue in this chapter, because a number of different moral considerations are relevant when we consider children’s agency, and they can pull in different directions and make incompatible demands when we evaluate parents’ power. In particular, we address the following question: how do we evaluate situations where, while promoting children’s positive freedom, parents violate the rights that protect children’s negative freedom?

The Media and Power in Postliberal Venezuela

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Sapiezynska
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Negative Freedom ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Freedom ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Hugo Chavez ◽  
The Right

Two narratives dominate the literature about the state of freedom of expression in postliberal Venezuela, and they have few points in common, since they depend on different conceptualizations of the notion of freedom of expression. While the traditional liberal narrative focuses on the negative freedom that prohibits state interference, the postliberal narrative is based on positive freedom that encompasses the collective right of self-realization, particularly for the previously marginalized. During the government of Hugo Chávez, the discourse of freedom of expression was renewed, placing it in the context of power relations, accentuating positive freedom, and emphasizing the role of the public and community media. The establishment of the international public channel TeleSUR has revived the 1970s debate about the right to communication and contributed to the creation of a new Latin American-ness. En la literatura predominan dos narrativas acerca del estado de la libertad de expresión en la Venezuela posliberal las que tienen pocos puntos en común porque parten de visiones distintas del concepto de la libertad de expresión. Mientras la narrativa liberal tradicional enfoca sólo en la libertad negativa que previene la injerencia estatal, la narrativa posliberal se centra en la libertad positiva que abarca la autorrealización del derecho colectivo, también de los previamente marginalizados. Durante el gobierno de Hugo Chávez el discurso acerca de la libertad de expresión se renueva, insertando el concepto en el contexto de las relaciones de poder, acentuando la libertad positiva y enfatizando el rol de los medios públicos y comunitarios. El establecimiento del medio público internacional TeleSUR revive los debates sobre el derecho a la comunicación de la década de los 70 y aporta a la creación de una nueva Latinoamericanidad.

The Thomas Cook Archive for the Study of Tourism in North Africa and the Middle East

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Robert Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Middle East History

As one of the greatest and fastest-growing industries of our time, one with significant impacts upon societies and economies almost everywhere, tourism (mass travel for pleasure and recreation) merits serious historical study. In the Middle East and North Africa, the turning point in travel for trade, exploration, adventure, and religious inspiration to travel primarily for leisure occurred in Egypt and Syria/Palestine during the 1880s. Tourism, however, is not only intrinsically important. Its origins and development also shed light upon the great themes of Middle East history: (1) modernization (the introduction of Western techniques, methods and materials), and (2) colonial expansion and empire.

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