scholarly journals Analysis of electric motor vehicles market

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
Marta MACIEJEWSKA ◽  
Paweł FUĆ ◽  
Monika KARDACH
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union

The increasingly restrictive standards related to exhaust emissions from cars make difficult the development of internal combustion engines. The activities undertaken in the design of internal combustion engines are mainly based on downsizing, e.g decreasing the engines displacement. The main direction in the development of vehicle propulsion is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2020 to reach 95 g/km. Electric vehicles achieve low noise levels and do not emitted a burn, and thus, their use leads to a reduction in the amount of toxic exhaust gases in the air. The aspect of reducing emissions of harmful exhaust compounds and activities focusing on downsizing on the market of combustion engine cars leads to a significant increase the number of electric vehicles. In 2018 around 95 million motor vehicles were registered in the world, of which around 12 million in the European Union and 273 thousand in Poland. The number of electric vehicles among all sold is around 5.5%. Every year new, more technologically advanced models appear on the electric vehicle market. In 2018, the most popular model was the Nissan LEAF and the BAIC EC-Series. A large number of Renault ZOE have also been sold. In article analyzed different models of electric vehicle, which are available on market and presented the characteristics based on e.g. price per 100 kilometers, range for every model or charging time.

scholarly journals The suitability of internal combustion engine sounds as artificial warning sounds for electric and hybrid vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Ivan Bolkovac ◽  
Marko Horvat ◽  
Kristian Jambrošić ◽  
Hrvoje Domitrović
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Preliminary Examination

The paper discusses the issue of adding artificial warning sounds to hybrid and fully electric vehicles, in order to increase traffic safety by making these vehicles audible at low speeds. The goal of this modification is to enable the pedestrians to perceive possible danger coming from such a vehicle in time to respond accordingly. Following the results of previous research which state that the sounds of internal combustion engines are valid candidates for artificial warning sounds to be added to hybrid or fully electric vehicles, a preliminary examination of the suitability and acceptability of different engine sounds in various modes of operation has been conducted. The chosen modes of operation are running in idle, at 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm with the vehicle stopped. Both gasoline and diesel engines were investigated. To expand the range of engine sounds, the type of vehicles was not limited to personal cars. The results show significant differences in suitability of engine sounds for the stated purpose, with vehicle type being the main differentiating factor.

scholarly journals A method to predict electric vehicles’ market penetration as well as its impact on energy saving and CO2 mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 003685042110402
Author(s):  
Shijun Fu ◽  
Hongji Fu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Mitigation

Introduction: Although forecasting electric vehicles’ growth in China was frequently reported in the literature, predicting electric vehicles market penetration as well as corresponding energy saving and carbon dioxide mitigation potential in a more suitable method is not well understood. Methods: This study chose the double species model to predict electric vehicles’ growth trajectory under mutually competitive conditions between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. For comparison, it set two scenarios: with 200 and 300 vehicles per thousand persons at 2050. To give details on energy saving and carbon dioxide mitigation potential induced by electric vehicles’ market penetration, it further divided electric vehicles into five subgroups and internal combustion engine vehicles into seven subgroups, therein forming respective measurement formulas. Results: This paper solved the double species model and thus got its analytical formula. Then it employed the analytical formula to conduct an empirical study on electric vehicles market penetration in China from year 2010 to 2050. Under scenario 300, electric vehicles growth trajectory will emerge a quick growth stage during 2021–2035, thereafter keeping near invariant till 2050. Meanwhile, current internal combustion engine vehicles’ quick growth will continue up to 2027, then holding constant during 2028–2040, afterwards following a 10-year slowdown period. Scenario 200 has similar features, but a 2-year delay for electric vehicles and a 5-year lead time for internal combustion engine vehicles were found. On average, scenario 300 will save 114.4 Mt oil and 111.5 Mt carbon dioxide emissions, and scenario 200 will save 77.1 Mt oil and 73.4 Mt carbon dioxide emissions each year. Beyond 2032, annual 50.0% of road transport consumed oil and 18.6% of carbon dioxide emissions from this sector will be saved under scenario 300. Discussion: Compared with scenario 200, scenario 300 was more suitable to predict electric vehicle market penetration in China. In the short-term electric vehicle penetration only brings about trivial effects, while in the long-term it will contribute a lot to both energy security and carbon dioxide mitigation. The contribution of this article provided a more suitable methodology for predicting electric vehicle market penetration, simulated two coupled trajectories of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, and discussed relative energy-saving and climate effects from 2010 to 2050.

Innovation of Scavenging System to Increase Volumetric Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines

2014 ◽  
Vol 611 ◽  
pp. 536-543
Author(s):  
Dušan Sabadka ◽  
Peter Trebuňa
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Basic Objective ◽  
Single Trace

This contribution is focused on the analyze the possibilities of increasing the power of two-stroke internal combustion engine and their consequential execution in the practice. Currently dealing with these issues major manufacturers of motorcycle international brands, but also service technicians of professional riders, as well as regular users of motorcycles. The basic objective of this paper is the issue of increasing power output for single-trace motor vehicles, and objective of the experiment was to increase performance through volumetric efficiency, i.e. increase indicated mean effective pressure. The results of the experiment were tested on the specific equipments and in practice. In conclusion paper presents the benefits and results of the experiment. By means of measurements on the performance brake, in the final stage of paper is tested by how much increased power output of the engine after modification, compared to the production engine.

scholarly journals Microturbine power plant for utilization of the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Yury Matveev ◽  
Marina Cherkasova ◽  
Viktor Rassokhin ◽  
Viktor Barskov ◽  
Victor Chernikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Turbine Unit ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the investigation and development of microsteam turbine unit of the LPI design for utilization of heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. This installation will reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions, as well as add useful power for the needs of the consumer. Efficiency and environmental friendliness of the engine will increase. The article discusses development of the main directions of improvement of high-loaded steps of LPI, expansion of modern outlooks on the directions of MRI development and the use of LPI steps in the systems of heat recovery of exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine. The possibility to utilize the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by means of a turbine unit and the subsequent receipt of additional useful capacities are investigated in many developed countries of the world. Germany, Sweden, Japan, PRC and other leading countries in the automotive industry are intensively conducting works in this direction. The results of such studies have already found application in some freight cars. In the Russian market, this type of turbine is spread very weakly. Turbine unit behind the internal combustion engine works in conditions of low volumetric consumption of the working fluid, which leads to a decrease in the heights of the flow parts of the guides and working grids, because of which the relative gaps in the seals increase. This leads to the growth of leakage of the working fluid. On the other hand, a high degree of pressure reduction when choosing single-stage turbines leads to supersonic

scholarly journals Assessment of thermodynamic cycle of internal combustion engine in terms of rightsizing

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
Zbigniew SROKA ◽  
Maciej DWORACZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Swept Volume

The modification of the downsizing trend of internal combustion engines towards rightsizing is a new challenge for constructors. The change in the displacement volume of internal combustion engines accompanying the rightsizing idea may in fact mean a reduction or increase of the defining swept volume change factors and thus may affect the change in the operating characteristics as a result of changes in combustion process parameters - a research problem described in this publication. Incidents of changes in the displacement volume were considered along with the change of the compression space and at the change of the geometric degree of compression. The new form of the mathematical dependence describing the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle makes it possible to evaluate the opera-tion indicators of the internal combustion engine along with the implementation of the rightsizing idea. The work demonstrated the in-variance of cycle efficiency with different forms of rightsizing.

FEATURES OF MEASURING THE CAMSHAFT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (30) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
A. V. Summanen ◽  
◽  
S. V. Ugolkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Combustion Engines

This article discusses the issues of assessing the technical condition of the camshaft, internal combustion engine. The necessary parameters for assessing the technical condition of the engine camshaft have been determined. How and how to measure and calculate this or that parameter is presented in detail. Methods for calculating the parameters are presented. A scheme and method for measuring neck wear, determining the height of the cam, determining the beating of the central journal of the camshaft are proposed. The main defects of the camshafts are presented. The issues of the influence of these parameters on the operability of the camshaft and the internal combustion engine as a whole are considered.

Possibility of using gas lubricant in the cylinders of internal combustion engines of transport vehicles

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Piston ◽  
Suspension Stiffness ◽  
Gas Layer

The prospects of using the gas-static suspension of the internal combustion engine piston in transport vehicles and power plants are considered. The diagram of the piston and the method for calculating the stiffness and bearing capacity of the gas layer surrounding the piston are presented, as well as the results of experiments that showed the relevance of this method. The possibility of gas and static centering of the engine piston is confirmed. Keywords: internal combustion engine, piston, gasstatic suspension, stiffness, bearing capacity, gas medium. [email protected]

Calculation of Acoustic Efficiency of Exhaust Silencers for Automotive Internal Combustion Engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Vladimir Tupov ◽  
O. Matasova
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Plane Waves ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Noise ◽  
Insertion Losses

Insertion losses as the main characteristic that mathematically describes the acoustic efficiency of a noise silencer has been considered. This characteristic shows the reduction of noise generated by its source, in particular by the internal combustion engine’s exhaust system, at the control point as a silencer use result. Has been presented a mathematical description of the insertion losses, and have been considered parameters necessary for calculating this characteristic. Has been demonstrated the analytical dependence of impedance for the sound emission by the exhaust system’s end hole from the coefficient of acoustic waves reflection by this hole. The performed analysis of the widely used formulas for calculating the coefficient of sound reflection by the end hole has showed their insufficient accuracy for project designs performing. Have been proposed calculation dependences providing high accuracy for calculations of the reflection coefficient modulus, and the attached length of the channel end hole without a flange in the entire range of the existence of plane waves in it. It has been shown that the end correction of this hole at ka = 0 is 0.6127, and not 0.6133, as it was mistakenly believed until now in world acoustics. Has been proposed a method for calculation the exhaust noise source internal impedance. This method more accurately, in comparison with the already known ones, describes the acoustic processes in the internal combustion engine’s exhaust manifold, thanks to increases the accuracy of calculation the silencer acoustic efficiency, that allows develop the silencer at the early stages of the design of an automotive internal combustion engine.

scholarly journals Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6423
Author(s):  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej ◽  
Karolina Kurtyka
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions

One of the environmental aims of the European Union is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. According to European Parliament data, transport emissions accounted for about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2016, in which road transport had the largest share (approximately 72%). This phenomenon is particularly visible in urban agglomerations. The solution examples are the popularization of hybrid vehicles and the development of electromobility. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the energy consumption and exhaust emissions from passenger cars fitted with different powertrains in actual operation. For the tests, passenger cars with conventional engines of various emission classes were used as well as the latest hybrid vehicles and an electric car. It enabled a comparative assessment of the energy consumption under different traffic conditions, with particular emphasis on the urban phase and the entire RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test. The results were analyzed to identify changes in these environmental factors that have occurred with the technical advancement of vehicles. The lowest total energy consumption in real traffic conditions is characteristic of an electric vehicle; the plug-in hybrid vehicle with a gasoline engine is about 10% bigger, and the largest one is a combustion vehicle (30% bigger than an electric vehicle). These data may contribute to the classification of vehicles and identification of advantages of the latest developments in conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles.

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