scholarly journals An internal model approach for motor behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-371
Author(s):  
Cláudio M. F. Leite ◽  
Carlos E. Campos ◽  
Crislaine R. Couto ◽  
Herbert Ugrinowitsch
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
External World ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Model Approach

Interacting with the environment requires a remarkable ability to control, learn, and adapt motor skills to ever-changing conditions. The intriguing complexity involved in the process of controlling, learning, and adapting motor skills has led to the development of many theoretical approaches to explain and investigate motor behavior. This paper will present a theoretical approach built upon the top-down mode of motor control that shows substantial internal coherence and has a large and growing body of empirical evidence: The Internal Models. The Internal Models are representations of the external world within the CNS, which learn to predict this external world, simulate behaviors based on sensory inputs, and transform these predictions into motor actions. We present the Internal Models’ background based on two main structures, Inverse and Forward models, explain how they work, and present some applicability.

The problem of studying motor skills in connection with the peculiarities of the body and psyche

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 735-740
Author(s):  
I. N. Zhilin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Mental Structure ◽  
General Pathology ◽  
Mental Diseases

Kretschmer's doctrine of the correlation between physique and character overlooks a question that lies in the plane of similar correlations, namely, that of the correlation between motor functions and the mental structure of personality. This question attracts much attention these days and must occupy the most legitimate place among other problems included in the study of personality, both healthy and sick. In the latter case, it is worth remembering at least the instructions of Wernicke (2), who opined that "the general pathology of mental diseases consists in nothing else than in peculiarities of motor behavior".

scholarly journals Projecting Facilities for Power Exercise Teaching System.

2018 ◽  
pp. 1082-1087
Author(s):  
Rustam A. Aydarov ◽  
Irina G. Kalina ◽  
Nuriya Kh. Gzhemskaya
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Training System ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Educational Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

In the context of modern educational conditions, it becomes actual to solve the problem of preparation of such teaching aids that would act as an integral tool of the pedagogical technology of effective training in power exercises. The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis of modern requirements for the didactic projection of teaching aids, to justify the demand for their design and to present a project for the integrated use of didactic tools in the training of power exercises. The study used a method of theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature on the issues reflecting the state of the problem of the didactic facilities projection, the theoretical foundations of training motor activities, the problems of creating and using didactic means for teaching motor activities. To determine the efficiency of the traditional methods of teaching power exercises a pedagogical experiment was established. 34 girls and 47 boys participated in the experiment. The results which showed the quality of learning the orienting basis for motor actions were obtained by testing. Results of the study. The modern requirements of the theory of projecting teaching aids indicate the need for a comprehensive design and reflection of the components of the implemented didactic system in the teaching facilities, namely: the purpose of training, the content of training, the learning process itself and organizational forms of education. Projecting these elements in accordance with the requirements presented in the theory makes it possible to implement a pre-designed didactic system in practice. The analysis of the theoretical bases of teaching motor actions shows that the process of mastering knowledge of motor actions as an indicative basis for carrying out these actions is of primary importance for developing motor skills and abilities. The obtained results of power exercises training system according to the traditional method showed the following: 70.2% of young men and 84.3% of girls reached the first level of learning the orienting basis of motor actions in power training. Indicators of the second level of learning were extremely low: only 5% of boys and 18.7% of girls reached it. The project has been created for training motor activities using such didactic facilities as an electronic educational resource and instruction cards. Each facility has its own functions in providing the stages of the educational and cognitive cycle, the use of which is designed depending on the way the group of students are organized, the forms of the educational process organization.

scholarly journals Visualization of the educational process of motor actions and improvement of motor skills

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00013
Author(s):  
Irina Tikhonova ◽  
Christina Pigida ◽  
Larisa Zhigaylova ◽  
Alexey Bliznuk ◽  
Olga Barcho
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Knowledge Formation ◽  
Modern Learning ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Determining Factor

In the modern learning environment visualization takes the leading place in the process of students knowledge formation based on the receiving of the constant information flow. The particular attention in the work is paid to the development and application of the techniques and means of educational material visualization. They allow to visualize perceptual images, ideas, movements, thoughts, theoretical reasoning and constructions as visual clarity. The studying process of motor actions, quality and speed of mental operations in the process of its studying, quality and speed of its reproduction depend on many parameters, characterizing the degree of symmetry-asymmetry development in the forms and functions development. The determining factor in the system of physical education and sports training of students visualization use is the feature of its implementation at each training stage. Means and methods of visualization can be modified according to the content, purpose and form of application.

Action, Movement, and Culture: Does Culture Shape Movement?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blandine Bril
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Physical Environments

What any traveler can definitely notice is the incredible diversity of everyday skills due to the cultural diversity of tools, raw materials, physical environments, or local postural habits that set up the conditions for performing tasks. Do cultural environments influence motor skills? Are there “motor styles” common to members of a given cultural group? Focusing on instrumental everyday actions from a functional perspective, we propose four cases to illustrate in detail cultural variations in motor behavior. The first example explores the movement repertoire of expert potters from two cultural backgrounds when asked to produce pots of the same shape. A second example analyzes how a dance figure based on the same mechanical principles gives rise to different cultural aesthetics. The third example questions the adaptation of metabolic processes while performing the same load-carrying task in various physical environments. The last example brings up the issue of cultural choices of working and resting postures. Each case refers to a critical dimension of what generates the cultural diversity of motor skills: operational equivalence of movements, variation in the “weighing” of the parameters of the action, adaptation of metabolic processes, and adaptive benefit of specific posture. We conclude that if the countless diversity of cultural contexts and tasks give rise to an enormous diversity of movements and postures, this diversity is anchored in the many degrees of freedom of the organism. It is this profusion of degrees of freedom that sustains the endless variations of cultural motor skills giving ways to infinite manners of using one’s own body.

092 Effect of the dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) daridorexant on behaviour upon awakening in rats and dogs

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A38-A39
Author(s):  
Giorgio Bergamini ◽  
Catherine Roch ◽  
Sean Durkin ◽  
Michel Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction The ability to be fast alert and to interact with the environment without motor impairment upon waking up, is a critical feature of natural sleep. DORAs represent a new class of insomnia medications that specifically inhibit the wake-promoting effects of orexin neuropeptides. Daridorexant is a potent and selective DORA under late stage development for the treatment of insomnia. Here, we assessed the impact of sleep-promoting doses of daridorexant on rats’ and dogs’ behaviour upon forced awakening. Zolpidem (a positive GABAA receptor modulator) was used as active comparator in rats because of its known negative impact on motor functions. Methods Rats were woken up at different time points after oral administration of daridorexant (10, 30, 100 mg/kg) or zolpidem (30, 100 mg/kg) during their inactive phase, and repeatedly subjected to two motor tasks: 1) the rotating rod test (lasting 120 sec, at each time point) assessing gross motor skills and coordination, and 2) the forepaw grip strength test assessing fine motor skills and muscle strength. Dogs were presented with food as an external, salient stimulus, three hours after administration of daridorexant in gelatin capsules (10, 30 or 90 mg/dog) during their active phase. Behaviour and signs of muscle weakness, after having woken up, were assessed by manual inspection of video recordings and concomitant electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings. Results In both the rotarod and grip tests, daridorexant treatment had no effect on motor behavior at any dose or time point tested, while zolpidem significantly reduced the time spent on the rotarod and the grip strength in a dose and time-dependent manner (N=12/group; p<0.001;) (e.g. at 30 min post-dose, time spent on the rotarod was 84, 79–89 and 10–19 sec for vehicle, daridorexant and zolpidem, respectively). Dogs treated with daridorexant were able to wake up easily upon food presentation. They behaved and ate normally and did not show any signs of muscle weakness. Conclusion The type of sleep promoted by daridorexant is surmountable in rats and dogs and similar to physiological sleep. It allows animals to easily wake up, to behave normally without motor impairment and to respond efficiently to the environmental conditions. Support (if any) Funded by Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd

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