scholarly journals Debunking the I above YOU illusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Marie-Odile Junker
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Inverse System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
World Languages ◽  
Inverse Systems ◽  
Split Ergativity ◽  
Person Hierarchy ◽  
The One ◽  
Universal Scale

There is a long tradition in placing I above YOU in linguistics and grammar. In our Western grammatical terminology, I is the “first person”. In the universal scale of agentivity, or “universal person hierarchy”, I is placed before YOU. The goal of this paper is to examine the proof for ordering I and YOU in such a fashion. The universal character of local person marking in human languages, and existing proposals concerning the person hierarchy are reviewed. The kind of grammatical phenomena governed by the so-called “universal hierarchy”: split ergativity, inverse systems, and pronominal marking, are discussed. First, we show that there are languages whose grammatical phenomena are governed by the other order, with YOU above I. Looking for the possibility that two person hierarchies share room within world languages, we then turn to the facts that support placing I above YOU, and demonstrate that this proof is non-existent. The egocentric perspective belongs to linguistics, and to certain habits of a Western school of thought, not to natural languages. The data examined here also shows that there are no languages where split ergativity or the inverse system would operate from a hierarchy placing 3rd persons above 2nd or 1st , thus confirming a 2, 1>3 hierarchy. As far as a hierarchy between singular persons or Speech Acts participants is concerned, the one for which there is clear evidence is the one where YOU outranks I: 2>I.

PRAGMATIC, LINGUAL CULTURAL SENSES AND ETHNIC SYMBOLS IN ARTISTIC TRANSLATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (32) ◽  
pp. 130-148
Author(s):  
Oleh Tyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Expressive Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
English Translations ◽  
The One ◽  
The Master And Margarita

The article considers performative speech acts (expressives, commissives, wishes, curses, threats, warnings, etc.) and generally exclamatory phraseology in the original and translation in terms of the function of the addressee, the specifics of the communicative situation, the symbolism and pragmatics of the cultural text. Through cultural and semiotic reconstruction of these units, their semantic and grammatical structure and features of motivation in several linguistic cultures were clarified. Collectively, these verbal acts, on the one hand, mark the semiotic structure of the narrative structure of the text, and on the other hand, indicate the idiostyle of a particular author or characterize the speech of the characters and the associated range of emotions (curses, invectives, cries of indignation, dissatisfaction, etc.). Several translated versions of M. Bulgakov’s novel «The Master and Margarita» (in Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak and English) and English translations of M. Kotsyubynsky’s novel «Fata Morgana» and Dovzhenko’s short story «Enchanted Desna» constitute the material for the study. The obtained results are essential for elucidating the specifics of the national conceptual sphere of a certain culture and revealing the types of inter lingual equivalents, idiomatic analogues in the transmission of common ethno-cultural content. This approach can be useful for a new understanding of domestication and adaptation in translation, translation of culturally marked units, onyms, mythological concepts, etc. as a specific translation practices. There was further developed the theory of phatic and performative-expressive speech acts in lingual cultural comprehension.

Semantic and pragmatic effectsof negative markers

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-103
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alqassas
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clausal Structure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Negative Statements ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Positions

This chapter focuses on the semantic and pragmatic effects associated with the various positions of negation. Particularly, presuppositional readings for negative statements follow from different structural positions of negation (higher in the TP) as opposed to the non-presuppositional interpretations associated with the lower NegP below TP. This chapter also analyses contrasts between SA maa on the one hand and laa and its variants on the other hand. These contrasts are related to scope readings, presupposition, mood and speech acts (commissive, directive, volitive, and (ir)realis). I argue that presuppositional negation is a product of the interplay between syntax and pragmatics. Specifically, I propose that presuppositional negative markers are higher in the syntactic structure. They occupy a position above the tense phrase in the clausal structure, namely NegP above TP (cf. Zanuttini 1997 for similar effects in various Romance). Pragmatically marked negation includes presuppositional negation, categorical negation and cleft-negation. The former two are in a NegP above TP, while the latter is in CP.

Narrative and Lyric Levels in Catullus

Metalepsis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 119-146
Author(s):  
Gail Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mise En Abyme ◽  
Real Existence ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lyric Poet ◽  
The One ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
Ring Composition

This chapter revisits the challenges of thinking about narrative metalepsis in lyric contexts by considering the diverse corpus of Catullus. Catullus’ most obviously narrative poem—poem 64—offers rich possibilities for metaleptic readings, and the chapter particularly investigates the ways in which the boundary between the poem’s outer narrative and its inset, ostensibly ecphrastic story is navigated by two powerfully subjective presences, the narrator and Ariadne, by such means as apostrophe and mise en abyme. Yet Catullus is typically classified as a lyric poet, and the chapter also examines poems that fuse the narrative and lyric modes, looking at potentially hymnic addresses to divinities across the corpus, and the tension in poem 68 between, on the one hand, the tendency to establish a whole series of nested narrative levels through ring composition and simile, and, on the other, the pull of the lyric mode towards a unified poetic ‘present’. There is a particular emphasis on the interaction among speech acts in the first, second and third person. Catullus himself appears in all three ‘persons’ as a character in the corpus, but is also a Roman author in whose real existence we believe, and the chapter concludes by returning against this background to Genette’s concern that metalepsis prompts us to ask whether we may belong to some narrative—as Catullus indeed does.

Ineffable narratives in Spanish: Another case of overgeneration by e-GIVENness

Probus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Saab
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Semantic View ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Mutual Entailment ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The One ◽  
Proper Representation

AbstractIn this paper, I present a new case of overgeneration for the semantic view on identity in ellipsis. Concretely, I show that a radical version of the semantic approach to the identity condition on ellipsis, in particular, one with the notion of mutual entailment at its heart, wrongly predicts as grammatical cases of TP-ellipsis in Spanish where a (formal) present tense feature on T in the antecedent entails a (formal) past tense feature in the elliptical constituent and vice versa. However, this is not attested: present tense cannot serve as a suitable antecedent for formal past tense in TP-ellipsis contexts, regardless of pragmatic entailment. On the basis of this and other new observations in the realm of tense and ellipsis, several consequences for the theory of identity in ellipsis, on the one hand, and the proper representation of tense in natural languages, on the other, are also discussed.

Speech acts and conversational sequencing

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brassac
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
Conversational Interactions ◽  
The One

The question of the use of speech act theory in accounting for conversational sequencing is discussed from the point of view of the explanation of linguistic interaction. On the one hand, this question lies at the heart of the opposition between conversational analysis and discourse analysis. On the other, it dominates the discussion around a text by Searle called "Conversation". After summarizing what is at stake in the debate, I focus on the positions of two authors, Dascal and Van Rees, who favor the idea of a possible (and necessary) combination of illocutionary logic and the analysis of conversational interactions. My own position consists in taking into account the new elements that have recently enriched illocutionary logic (particularly the integration of perlocution through the notion of satisfaction conditions) within the framework of an essentially dialogical position. The proposed approach is in agreement with the theses of these two authors and complements them with elements that satisfy their demands.

scholarly journals construction du rôle présidentiel dans l’interview télévisée et en ligne du 14 Juillet. Stratégies discursives d’Emmanuel Macron.

2021 ◽  
pp. 439-461
Author(s):  
Antonia Sánchez Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
The One ◽  
Actos De Habla ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nicolas Sarkozy ◽  
Functional Position

De entre los géneros en los que se expresa el discurso político en Francia, las entrevistas presidenciales televisadas del 14deJulio constituyen manifestaciones singulares. Con una tradición de cuatro décadas, se desarrollan en un contexto de gran formalidad que confiere a la palabra presidencial rango institucional sin que deje de estar sometida a los riesgos propios de la interacción. Por un lado, las reglas del género sitúan al presidente en posición funcional de dependencia. Por otro, la entrevista política ha evolucionado hacia un adversarial style (Clayman&Heritage,2002) al que las del 14deJulio no son ajenas. Este artículo se detiene en la concedida por Emmanuel Macron en 2020 y difundida en Youtube, para analizar con las herramientas del Análisis del Discurso cómo combate los actos de habla que amenazan la dimensión presidencial, expuesta ahora también a los inter e intradiscursos que se generan en el entorno digital. Among the orders in which political discourse is expressed in France, the televised presidential interview of the 14th of July is unique. With a tradition stretching back four decades, these interviews take place in a context of great formality that is intended to give the presidential word institutional rank, albeit subject to the risks associated with an interview. On the one hand, the paradigm of the interview places the president in a functional position of dependence. On the other hand, the political interview has evolved in recent times towards an adversarial style (Clayman&Heritage, 2002) to which those of the 14th of July are not immune. This article focuses upon the presidential interview granted by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, broadcast for the first time on YouTube, to analyze with the tools of Discourse Analysis how it fights the speech acts that threaten the presidential status, now also exposed in the digital environment. Parmi les différents genres où le discours politique trouve ses voies d’expression en France, les interviews présidentielles du 14 Juillet représentent des manifestations tout à fait particulières. C’est Valéry Giscard d’Estaing qui a inauguré la longue série en accordant en 1978 le premier entretien télévisé lors des cérémonies de la Fête Nationale, un exercice que la plupart de ses successeurs ont poursuivi. Seul Nicolas Sarkozy a refusé de continuer la tradition. Emmanuel Macron, de sa part, a fait de même mais, en revanche, en a accordé une le 14 Juillet 2020 dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire du Covid-19, avec une nouveauté : elle a été diffusée aussi sur Youtube. Dans cet article nous visons à décrypter à l’aide des outils de l’Analyse du Discours et de l’Analyse de la Conversation les stratégies discursives menées par Emmanuel Macron dans la seule interview du 14Juillet accordée jusqu’à présent.

Language, attitudes and party politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-251
Author(s):  
Dezheng (William) Feng ◽  
Shuo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Negative Judgment ◽  
The One

Abstract This study investigates Barack Obama’s attitudes towards Republicans and Democrats by analyzing a corpus of 249 Presidential weekly addresses. Analysis shows that Obama’s attitudes towards the Republicans are characterized by a negative judgment of propriety, creating a negative image of the Republican Party, whereas when Republicans and Democrats are mentioned together, his attitudes are characterized by his hopes for and commendations on bipartisan collaboration. An analytical model based on the attitude schema is proposed to explicate the strategies for encoding attitudes. It is found that negative attitudes are always expressed implicitly by recounting events that elicit the attitudes (i.e. behaviors of the Republicans) and performing speech acts that are motivated by the attitudes (i.e. urging the Republicans to stop the wrong behaviors). The patterns of attitudes reflect bipartisan conflict and cooperation on the one hand, and constitute an important strategy to battle against the opposition party and build coalitions on the other.

scholarly journals Ambiguities in sign languages

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Quer ◽  
Markus Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNatural languages come in two different modalities – the aural-auditory modality of spoken languages and the visual-gestural modality of sign languages. The impact of modality on the grammatical system has been discussed at great length in the last 20 years. By contrast, the impact of modality on semantics in general and on ambiguities in particular has not yet been addressed in detail. In this paper, we deal with different types of ambiguities in sign languages. We discuss typical lexical and structural ambiguities as well as modality-specific aspects such as ambiguities in the use of the signing space and non-manual markers. In addition, we address the questions how sign languages avoid ambiguities and to what extent certain kinds of ambiguities and non-ambiguities depend on the visual-manual modality of sign languages. Since gestures use the same articulatory channel that is also active in the production of signs, we also discuss ambiguities between gestures on the one hand and grammaticalized gestures and signs on the other.

Gender and Noun Classification

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Nominal Structure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

This volume explores the many ways in which natural languages categorize nouns into genders or classes. A noun may belong to a given class because of its logical or symbolic similarity with other nouns, because it shares a similar morphological form with other nouns, or simply through an arbitrary convention. The aim of this book is to establish which functional or lexical categories are responsible for this type of classification, especially along the nominal syntactic spine. The book’s contributors draw on data from a wide range of languages, including Amharic, French, Gitksan, Haro, Lithuanian, Japanese, Mi’kmaw, Persian, and Shona. Chapters examine where in the nominal structure gender is able to function as a classifying device, and how in the absence of gender, other functional elements in the nominal spine come to fill that gap. Other chapters focus on how gender participates in grammatical concord and agreement phenomena. The volume also discusses semantic agreement: hybrid agreement sometimes arises due to a distinction that grammars encode between natural gender on the one hand and grammatical gender on the other. The findings in the volume have significant implications for syntactic theory and theories of interpretation, and contribute to a greater understanding of the interplay between inflection and derivation.

Natural Morphology

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-264
Author(s):  
Livio Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
Complex Words

Natural Morphology offers a fairly elaborated model for analyzing and interpreting morphological facts, which heavily relies on the one hand on a semiotic foundation of the linguistic sign and on the other on a comprehensive understanding of the cognitive, typological, and system-specific aspects of natural languages. In this regard, it crucially distinguishes a system-independent dimension in which a number of universal preferences are at play for producing and understanding morphologically complex words from a system-dependent dimension in which language-specific factors play a major role. The morphological systems of natural languages result from the dialectic relation between these two dimensions which are concretely investigated in any conceivable empirical domain offered by languages as they are used especially in natural(istic) speech contexts, from language acquisition and change to language impairment and death.

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