scholarly journals CONCEPT OF PRACTICAL CALCULATION OF ZAKAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-214
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dimas Hidayatullah Wildan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Practical Calculation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
The Law ◽  
Livestock Trade

Today there are interesting developments in religious awareness in the layers of Muslims in Indonesia, especially in the awareness of zakat, charity, and charity. Zakat has a very strategic role in efforts to reduce poverty or economic development. In giving zakat to those who are entitled to have a number of ceremonies, both the calculated nishab and following their haul. This paper discusses the practical concept of calculating zakat. The discussion starts from the meaning of zakat both in terms of language and according to the terms and mention of zakat in the Qur’an. The second discussion is the law of zakat, zakat is worship, Zakat is included in the category of compulsory worship (such as prayer, pilgrimage, and fasting) which has been arranged based on the Qur'an and sunnah. The next discussion is the types of zakat which consist of two types namely zakat nafs (soul), also called zakat fitrah. Zakat mâl (treasure). Followed by the conditions of zakat. The third discussion is assets that must be zakat included; livestock, trade assets, company assets, agricultural products, minerals, and marine products as well as gold and silver, professional zakat, and zakat fitrah. Nisab and levels of zakat are also discussed and the calculation table.

scholarly journals Marketing Commodities Between the Producer and the Consumer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 612-616
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Agricultural Marketing ◽  
Major Task ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The Third Party

Agriculture serves the major role in economic development of a country. It plays a major task in providing adequate food supplies for mankind. In order to provide this task the economy of the farmers has to be increased. Agriculture marketing is one of the best ways to accomplish the task. It involves the purchasing of agricultural products directly from farmers. Some farmers are unaware about the commodity prices and sell their products at low prices to the third party, resulting in huge loss for the farmers. To overcome this situation, an android application and website for agricultural marketing that provides better knowledge about the commodity prices and booking of vehicles for transportation, government schemes available in current days to farmers. It provides the path to find the buyers and the sellers. It also helps the farmers to choose the best location to buy and sell the products.

Amiya Kumar Bagchi. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. London: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Reprint 1983. pp.viii+276. List of books for further reading; Index. Price: £ 8.50 (paperback edition).

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Zia Ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Third World ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Third World

Amiya Kumar Bagchi, an eminent economist of the modern Cambridge tradition, has produced a timely treatise, in a condensed form, on the development problems of the Third World countries. The author's general thesis is that economic development in the developing societies necessarily requires a radical transformation in the economic, social and political structures. As economic development is actually a social process, economic growth should not be narrowly defined as the growth of the stock of rich capitalists. Neither can their savings be equated to capital formation whose impact on income will presumably 'trickle down' to the working classes. Economic growth strategies must not aim at creating rich elites, because, according to the author, "maximizing the surplus in the hands of the rich in the Third World is not, however, necessarily a way of maximizing the rate of growth".

Relaxations of Contractual Privity and the Need for Third Party Rights in Chinese Contract Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Right Of Action ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Right

This chapter examines the position of third party beneficiaries in Chinese law. Article 64 of the Chinese Contract Law states that where a contract for the benefit of a third party is breached, the debtor is liable to the creditor. The author regards this as leaving unanswered the question of whether the thirdparty has a right of direct action against the debtor. One view regards the third party as having the right to sue for the benefit although this right was ultimately excluded from the law. Another view, supported by the Supreme People’s Court, is that Article 64 does not provide a right of action for a third party and merely prescribes performance in ‘incidental’ third party contracts. The third view is that there is a third party right of action in cases of ‘genuine’ third party contracts but courts are unlikely to recognize a third party action where the contract merely purports to confer a benefit on the third party.

Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ly Tayseng
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Formal Requirements

This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is required and the offer must be made with the intention to create a legally binding obligation and becomes effective once it reaches the offeree. The new Code explicitly provides that the parties to the contract may agree to confer a right arising under the contract upon a third party. This right accrues directly from their agreement; it is not required that the third party declare its intention to accept the right.

Law and Economics

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-102
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

This chapter analyzes how law and economics influences private law and how (new) private law is influencing law and economics. It focuses on three generation or “waves” within law and economics and how they approach private law. In the first generation, many scholars took the law as a starting point and attempted to use economic insights to explain, justify, or reform legal doctrines, institutions, and structures. In the second generation, the “law” at times became secondary, with more focus on theory and less focus on doctrines, institutions, and structures. But this generation also relied increasingly on empirical analysis. In the third generation, which includes scholars in the New Private Law (NPL), there has been a resurgence of interest in the law and legal institutions. To be sure, NPL scholars analyze the law using various approaches, with some more and some less predisposed to economic analysis. However, economic analysis will continue to be a major force on private law, including the New Private Law, for the foreseeable future. The chapter considers three foundational private law areas: property, contracts, and torts. For each area, it discusses the major ideas that economic analysis has contributed to private law, and surveys contributions of the NPL. The chapter also looks at the impact of law and economics on advanced private law areas, such as business associations, trusts and estates, and intellectual property.

The Judicial Council of the State of New York; Its Objectives, Methods, and Accomnlishments. I

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
The State ◽  
York State ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
Substantive Law

The Judicial Council and Its Objectives. My assignment is to implement Professor Sunderland's brilliant primer on judicial councils by a more specific presentation utilizing the experiences of the New York State Judicial Council. Of the three elements that enter into a consideration of the judicial branch of government, the first—the substantive law, the law of rights and duties—is not within the province of the judicial council either in New York or elsewhere. The second element—the machinery of justice—is the principal field of the judicial council. If the council does its work well in that field, attention cannot fail to be focused upon the third and most important element—also part of a judicial council's problems—the judicial personnel.

The New Japanese Electoral Law

1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-395
Author(s):  
Harold S. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
General Election ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Government Contractors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Electoral Law

A new statute for the election of members of the House of Representatives was promulgated in Japan on May 5, 1925, and will be applicable in the next general election. It is Japan's fourth electoral law, the previous ones having been promulgated in 1889, 1900, and 1919, respectively. All three of the earlier laws based the suffrage upon a tax-paying qualification, the first requiring voters to pay fifteen yen in direct national taxes, the second reducing the required tax to a minimum of ten yen, the third decreasing it still further to three yen. The present law abolishes the tax-paying qualification and provides that all males twenty-five years of age and over, who are not otherwise disqualified, and who do not receive “public or private relief or help for a living, on account of poverty,” shall be entitled to exercise the suffrage. In addition to paupers and vagabonds, there continue to be excluded from the franchise active members of the army and navy, certain classes of civilian officials, women, and the heads of noble houses. Priests, religious teachers, primary school teachers, government contractors, and certain classes of students hitherto unenfranchised now gain the suffrage and may become candidates for election. Under the law of 1889 the franchise was exercisable by 450,000 men, and under that of 1900 by 983,000; the act of 1919 increased the electorate to 2,860,000; while the present law raises it to an estimated total of 12,000,000.

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