ISLAMIC VALUES ENCOUNTERED IN HUMAN LANGUAGE PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION AS A MENTAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-185
Author(s):  
Nurlaila Nurlaila
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Mental Process ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Islamic Values

This study concerned mainly on the islamic values encountered in human language production and comprehension as a mental process. The production of language of human being positioned in  Broca’s area and comprehension of language is located in Wernike’s area which are located in human left brain. The process of language in human brain is very abstract; it could not be directly seen by naked eyes. It was done by activating some features of the brain such as Broca’s area, Wernike’s area, angular gyrus, motor cortex, etc. Based on psycholinguistics theory, ability to speak or produce meaningful sounds were innate in human. Its meant that human were genetically predisposed to learn and use language. The phenomenon were closely related to islamics values that those facts specifically and delibrately created by God; the Almighty Allah with certain purposes and that regularity was shown in the nature of thing in the earth. This research aims at investigating the islamic values encountered in human language production and comprehension. This is a descriptive qualitative reasearch that the researcher herself functioned as the key instrument. It was found out that there were several kinds of islamic values found in human language production and comprehension namely social, moral, economical, and religious values.   Key Words: Islamic Value, Language Production and Comprehension, Mental Process

scholarly journals SURG-19. REORGANIZATION OF LANGUAGE ENABLES SAFE RESECTION OF TUMORS IN AND AROUND BROCA’S AREA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi243-vi243
Author(s):  
Emma Holmes ◽  
Keith Kerr ◽  
Cihan Kadipasaoglu ◽  
Nitin Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Pathological Evaluation ◽  
Pars Opercularis ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Slow Growing

Abstract INTRODUCTION Since its discovery in the 1800s, Broca’s area has been viewed as a critical node for language production. Previously, pathologies in this area have been considered unresectable due to concern for producing iatrogenic language production deficits. Emerging literature suggests that although acute lesions in this area can cause widespread deficits, slow growing lesions are less correlated with these deficits due to cortical language reorganization. Based on this data, we managed a cohort with Broca’s area lesions with surgical resection using awake intra-operative language mapping. METHODS All 150 awake craniotomies performed by the senior author over a twelve-year period (2006–2017) at a single institution were reviewed. For each patient the imaging was carefully evaluated to localize the neoplasm relative to pars triangularis or pars opercularis in the language dominant hemisphere. Language dominance was confirmed using WADA testing or fMRI. All patients underwent cortical language mapping using a battery of tasks coupled with cortical stimulation. RESULTS A total of 31 surgeries in 29 patients (65.5% male, 86.2% righthanded) were identified. The average age was 41. Patients presented with seizures (64.5%), speech difficulties (35.5%) or headaches (19.4%). A gross or near total resection was achieved in 26/29 (89.7%) of patients. Pathological evaluation revealed grade 2 gliomas (8), grade 3 gliomas (13) and glioblastoma (9). Post-operatively, 8 (25.8%) patients had new or worsening speech deficits, all of which resolved to baseline at follow-up. CONCLUSION Broca’s area lesions can be safely resected in patients using an awake craniotomy technique with language mapping. In our series, the majority of patients had gross or near total resections, few patients had new deficits, and none had permanent new deficits. Considering the increasing evidence in favor of cytoreduction to manage glial neoplasms, this technique should be employed routinely for pathologies in this area to optimize patient outcomes.

The temporal cortex

2020 ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobe ◽  
Face Expression

The inferior and middle temporal gyri are involved visual object recognition, with the more dorsal areas involved in face expression, gesture, and motion representation that is useful in social behaviour. The superior temporal cortex is involved in auditory processing. The anterior temporal lobe is involved in semantic representations, for example information about objects, people, and places. Network mechanisms involved in semantic representations are described. The output of this system reaches the inferior frontal gyrus, which on the left is Broca’s area, involved in language production. The concept that the semantics for language are computed in the anterior temporal lobe, and communicates with Broca’s area for speech production, is introduced.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Agrammatism in Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia and Dominant Apraxia of Speech

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2337-2346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina A. Tetzloff ◽  
Rene L. Utianski ◽  
Joseph R. Duffy ◽  
Heather M. Clark ◽  
Edythe A. Strand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Semantic Errors ◽  
Description Task ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

Purpose The aims of the study were to assess and compare grammatical deficits in written and spoken language production in subjects with agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (agPPA) and in subjects with agrammatism in the context of dominant apraxia of speech (DAOS) and to investigate neuroanatomical correlates. Method Eight agPPA and 21 DAOS subjects performed the picture description task of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) both in writing and orally. Responses were transcribed and coded for linguistic analysis. agPPA and DAOS were compared to 13 subjects with primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS) who did not have agrammatism. Spearman correlations were performed between the written and spoken variables. Patterns of atrophy in each group were compared, and relationships between the different linguistic measures and integrity of Broca's area were assessed. Results agPPA and DAOS both showed lower mean length of utterance, fewer grammatical utterances, more nonutterances, more syntactic and semantic errors, and fewer complex utterances than PPAOS in writing and speech, as well as fewer correct verbs and nouns in speech. Only verb ratio and proportion of grammatical utterances correlated between modalities. agPPA and DAOS both showed greater involvement of Broca's area than PPAOS, and atrophy of Broca's area correlated with proportion of grammatical and ungrammatical utterances and semantic errors in writing and speech. Conclusions agPPA and DAOS subjects showed similar patterns of agrammatism, although subjects performed differently when speaking versus writing. Integrity of Broca's area correlates with agrammatism.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Syntactic Production and Comprehension

2018 ◽  
pp. 481-505
Author(s):  
Peter Indefrey
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Functional Components

This chapter deals with the question of whether there is one syntactic system that is shared by language production and comprehension or whether there are two separate systems. It first discusses arguments in favor of one or the other option and then presents the current evidence on the brain structures involved in sentence processing. The results of meta-analyses of numerous neuroimaging studies suggest that there is one system consisting of functionally distinct cortical regions: the dorsal part of Broca’s area subserving compositional syntactic processing; the ventral part of Broca’s area subserving compositional semantic processing; and the left posterior temporal cortex (Wernicke’s area) subserving the retrieval of lexical syntactic and semantic information. Sentence production, the comprehension of simple and complex sentences, and the parsing of sentences containing grammatical violations differ with respect to the recruitment of these functional components.

Language, Logic, and the Brain

2011 ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Ray E. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Linguistic Evolution ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Brain

Although linguistics may treat languages as a syntactic and/or semantic entity that regulates both language production and comprehension, this article perceives that language is a physical and a biological phenomenon. The biological view of languages presents a new metaphor on an evolutionary time-scale the human brain and human language have co-evolved. Therefore, the brain is the instrument with a repository of syntactic and semantic constraints. The logical vocabulary of natural languages has been understood by many as a purified abstraction in formal sciences, where the internal transactions of reasonings are constrained by the logical laws of thought. Although no vocabulary can be entirely independent of semantic understanding, logical vocabulary has fixed minimal semantic content independent of context. Therefore, logic is centered in linguistic evolution by observing that all connective vocabulary descends from lexical vocabulary based on spatial relationship of sentences. Far from having fixed minimal semantic content, logical vocabulary is semantically rich and context-dependent. Many cases of mutations in logical vocabulary and their semantic changes have been observed as similar to that of biological mutations. These changes proliferate to yield a wide diversity in the evolved uses of natural language connectives.

scholarly journals Brain Damage Associated with Impaired Sentence Processing in Acute Aphasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigfus Kristinsson ◽  
Helga Thors ◽  
Grigori Yourganov ◽  
Sigridur Magnusdottir ◽  
Haukur Hjaltason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Acute Aphasia

Left-hemisphere brain damage commonly affects patients' abilities to produce and comprehend syntactic structures, a condition typically referred to as “agrammatism.” The neural correlates of agrammatism remain disputed in the literature, and distributed areas have been implicated as important predictors of performance, for example, Broca's area, anterior temporal areas, and temporo-parietal areas. We examined the association between damage to specific language-related ROIs and impaired syntactic processing in acute aphasia. We hypothesized that damage to the posterior middle temporal gyrus, and not Broca's area, would predict syntactic processing abilities. One hundred four individuals with acute aphasia (<20 days poststroke) were included in the study. Structural MRI scans were obtained, and all participants completed a 45-item sentence–picture matching task. We performed an ROI-based stepwise regression analyses to examine the relation between cortical brain damage and impaired comprehension of canonical and noncanonical sentences. Damage to the posterior middle temporal gyrus was the strongest predictor for overall task performance and performance on noncanonical sentences. Damage to the angular gyrus was the strongest predictor for performance on canonical sentences, and damage to the posterior superior temporal gyrus predicted noncanonical scores when performance on canonical sentences was included as a cofactor. Overall, our models showed that damage to temporo-parietal and posterior temporal areas was associated with impaired syntactic comprehension. Our results indicate that the temporo-parietal area is crucially implicated in complex syntactic processing, whereas the role of Broca's area may be complementary.

Language, tools and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Hierarchical Complexity ◽  
Neural Substrate

AbstractDuring the first two years of human life a common neural substrate (roughly Broca's area) underlies the hierarchical organization of elements in the development of speech as well as the capacity to combine objects manually, including tool use. Subsequent cortical differentiation, beginning at age two, creates distinct, relatively modularized capacities for linguistic grammar and more complex combination of objects. An evolutionary homologue of the neural substrate for language production and manual action is hypothesized to have provided a foundation for the evolution of language before the divergence of the hominids and the great apes. Support comes from the discovery of a Broca's area homologue and related neural circuits in contemporary primates. In addition, chimpanzees have an identical constraint on hierarchical complexity in both tool use and symbol combination. Their performance matches that of the two-year-old child who has not yet developed the neural circuits for complex grammar and complex manual combination of objects.

scholarly journals Usefulness of Preoperative Surgical Simulation with Three-Dimensional Fusion Images for Resection of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Near Broca’s Area

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Takahashi ◽  
Yoshio Tanizaki ◽  
Kazunori Akaji ◽  
Tadashige Kano ◽  
Kenji Hiraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Simulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cerebral Cavernous Malformations ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Cavernous Malformations ◽  
Eloquent Areas ◽  
Duration Of Surgery ◽  
Fusion Images ◽  
The Brain

Treating subcortical brain lesions in or near eloquent areas is challenging not only because lesions must be resected while preserving brain tissue involved in essential functions, but also because lesions often cannot be easily identified from the surface of the brain. Here, we report 2 cases of cerebral cavernous malformations near Broca’s area. In both cases, lesions were surgically removed by utilizing three-dimensional fusion images created using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography data. Excisions were completed without any worsening of speech function, and the use of presurgical simulations was found to be useful in the design and execution of the actual operations. The technique described in this report serves as a useful tool in simulating surgical strategies by using brain gyri and sulci as surgical landmarks. Furthermore, in contrast to other intraoperative techniques, this method can aid in shortening the duration of surgery and can help limit damage to eloquent areas of the brain.

scholarly journals Audiovisual Speech Integration Does Not Rely on the Motor System: Evidence from Articulatory Suppression, the McGurk Effect, and fMRI

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Matchin ◽  
Kier Groulx ◽  
Gregory Hickok
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Mcgurk Effect ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
The Brain

Visual speech influences the perception of heard speech. A classic example of this is the McGurk effect, whereby an auditory /pa/ overlaid onto a visual /ka/ induces the fusion percept of /ta/. Recent behavioral and neuroimaging research has highlighted the importance of both articulatory representations and motor speech regions of the brain, particularly Broca's area, in audiovisual (AV) speech integration. Alternatively, AV speech integration may be accomplished by the sensory system through multisensory integration in the posterior STS. We assessed the claims regarding the involvement of the motor system in AV integration in two experiments: (i) examining the effect of articulatory suppression on the McGurk effect and (ii) determining if motor speech regions show an AV integration profile. The hypothesis regarding experiment (i) is that if the motor system plays a role in McGurk fusion, distracting the motor system through articulatory suppression should result in a reduction of McGurk fusion. The results of experiment (i) showed that articulatory suppression results in no such reduction, suggesting that the motor system is not responsible for the McGurk effect. The hypothesis of experiment (ii) was that if the brain activation to AV speech in motor regions (such as Broca's area) reflects AV integration, the profile of activity should reflect AV integration: AV > AO (auditory only) and AV > VO (visual only). The results of experiment (ii) demonstrate that motor speech regions do not show this integration profile, whereas the posterior STS does. Instead, activity in motor regions is task dependent. The combined results suggest that AV speech integration does not rely on the motor system.

scholarly journals Sobre linguagem, cognição e cérebro: Uma entrevista com Peter Hagoort

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (45) ◽  
pp. 291-296
Author(s):  
Brigitte L.M Bauer ◽  
Mailce Borges Mota
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Founding Director ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Language Faculty

Managing Director of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, founding Director of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging (DCCN, 1999), and professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at Radboud University, all located in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, PETER HAGOORT examines how the brain controls language production and comprehension. He was one of the first to integrate psychological theory and models from neuroscience in an attempt to understand how the human language faculty is instantiated in the brain.

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