Hubungan antara Gangguan Emosional dengan Emotional Eating dan External Eating pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Background: Restrained, emotional, and external eating are related to obesity and eating disorders. A salutogenic model has confirmed sense of coherence (SOC) as a health resource that moderates stress and helps limit the occurrence of overweightness and eating disorders. This study aimed to examine the relationship between SOC, social support, stress, body image satisfaction (BIS) and eating behaviors in different cultural environments. Methods: A total of 371 Austrian (161 men, 210 women) and 398 Japanese (226 men, 172 women) university students participated. The SOC-13 scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, BMI-Based Silhouette Matching Test and an analogue single-stress item were used as measurements. Results: SOC negatively affected all three types of eating in Austrian students (men: β = −0.227 to −0.215; women: β = −0.262 to −0.214). In Japanese students, SOC negatively affected external eating in both sexes (men: β = −0.150; women: β = −0.198) and emotional eating (β = −0.187) in men. BIS indicated that the desire to become slim predicted restrained eating, women’s emotional eating, and men’s and Austrian women’s external eating. Stress was only predictive of emotional eating in Japanese men. Conclusions: This study found that SOC, BIS and stress might be valuable factors regulating eating behavior in a cultural context. However, the relationship between SOC, BIS, stress and eating behavior differs between cultures.

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Association between emotional eating and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl20166259 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhanna R Balkhiyarova ◽

Diana S Avzaletdinova ◽

Tatyana V Morugova ◽

Leisan F Sharipova ◽

Margaret Amankwah-Poku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

World Health ◽

Mean Values ◽

External Eating ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Uk ◽

Behavior Types

Background. Obesity mainly caused by overeating is one of the most important risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to investigate eating behavior types of patients with T2DM and obesity.Methods. We compared samples of patients with T2DM from the UK (N=113, 64 men) and Russia (N=200; 61 men) whom we asked to complete the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Mean age was 61.2±9.7 years old (range 39-85 years). Physical assessment included height, weight, body mass index and obesity degree according World Health Organization. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0. Means (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.Results. One hundred seventy-nine patients were classified as obese (range 30.0 – 53.9). Mean values for restraint, emotional and external eating for this obese group were 2.8±0.07 (95% CI 2.7-3.0), 3.3±0.08 (95% CI 3.2-3.5) and 3.0±0.05 (95% CI 2.9-3.2), respectively. Russian patients showed higher levels of external eating (p<0.0001) and emotional eating (p<.0001) than their UK counterparts, but levels of restraint eating did not differ by country (p=0.30). HbA1c was significantly lower in the Russian patients compared to the UK patients (p=0.04). Multiple regression analysis showed that emotional eating, but not restraint or external eating was a significant predictor of BMI even when controlling for age, sex, HbA1c and country (β = 0.56; p < 0.0001; 95%CI 1.03-3.0)Conclusion. Present study has shown that emotional eating is an important correlate of BMI in patients with T2DM patients. However, eating behaviour styles may differ by country.

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Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown Measures on Lifestyle Behavior in Children and Adolescents With Severe Obesity

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab048.702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A344-A345

Author(s):

Ozair Abawi ◽

Mila Sofie Welling ◽

Emma van den Eynde ◽

Elisabeth F C van Rossum ◽

Jutka Halberstadt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Screen Time ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Psychosocial Problems ◽

External Eating ◽

Weekly Physical Activity ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown measures were implemented with large impact on lifestyle behaviors and well-being of children (including adolescents). The impact on children with severe obesity, who plausibly are at even larger risk, has not yet been described. Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on eating behaviors, physical activity, screen time and quality of life (QoL) of children with severe obesity. Methods: In this mixed-methods study, questionnaires and semi-structured telephone interviews were used to investigate impact of COVID-19 during the first wave in the Netherlands (April 2020) on children with severe obesity (adult BMI-equivalent ≥35kg/m2) treated at our obesity center. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Child, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Dutch Physical Activity Questionnaire were filled out by their families pre-pandemic and during lockdown. Changes over time in percentile scores, weekly physical activity and screen time were assessed. Qualitative analyses were performed according to the Grounded Theory. Results: We included 83 families, of which 75 participated in the interviews. Their children’s characteristics were mean age 11.5years (SD 4.6), 52% female, mean BMI SD score 3.8 (SD 1.0), indicating severe obesity. On group level, no changes in scores for emotional, restrained, external eating, and QoL nor in screen time were observed (Δ scores +9.2, +3.9, +0.3; and +3.0, respectively; -0.3 hr/wk; all p>0.05). Weekly physical activity decreased (Δ -1.9 hr/wk, p=0.02). Age, pre-existent psychosocial problems and pre-pandemic questionnaire scores were associated with improved or deteriorated questionnaire scores in specific subgroups. For example, children who did not fulfill WHO physical activity criteria pre-pandemic showed a further decline from 2.8 to 0.7 h/wk (p=0.001). Children with high emotional and external eating during lockdown had the lowest QoL scores (p-values <0.01). Qualitative data showed that an increased demand for food was frequently observed (n=21), mostly in children aged <10 years (19/21). This was attributed to loss of daily structure, increased stress, or emotional eating. Families who reported no changes (n=15) or improved eating behaviors (n=11) attributed this to already existing strict eating schemes that they kept adhering to. Conclusion: This study shows differential response profiles to COVID-19 lockdown in children with severe obesity. Although on group level lifestyle scores averaged out, a substantial part of families reported deterioration in physical activity and eating behaviors. Children with pre-existent psychosocial problems, high external or emotional eating scores were most at risk. Health care professionals should target these vulnerable children to minimize short- and long-term negative physical and mental health consequences.

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Eating Style and the Frequency, Size and Timing of Eating Occasions: A cross-sectional analysis using 7-day weighed dietary records

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-51534-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emmanouil Magklis ◽

Laura Diane Howe ◽

Laura Johnson

Keyword(s):

Emotional Eating ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Distinct Pattern ◽

Behavioural Intervention ◽

Caloric Content ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eating Style ◽

External Eating ◽

Eating Occasions

Abstract The tendencies to overeat in response to negative emotions (emotional eating) and environmental cues (external eating) have both been associated with BMI. However, it is unclear how they are expressed at the eating architecture level, for example, respecting frequency, timing and size of eating occasions, which could comprise ‘downstream’ specific behavioural intervention targets. In our analyses of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2000–2001, a 1-unit higher emotional eating score was associated with meals containing approximately 15 (3, 26) fewer kcals per occasion, consuming 1.4 (0.5, 2.3) more snacks per week and snacking over a 35- (16, 53) minute longer period a day. A 1-unit higher external eating score was associated with snacking over a 24- (1, 46) minute shorter period a day. Associations were independent of BMI and other potential confounders. The distinct pattern of eating architecture associated with emotional eating, suggests specific approaches to intervention, such as the number, timing and caloric content of snacks, could be considered further in experimental studies for their potential to prevent weight gain in people with a higher emotional eating tendency. Longitudinal studies and better measurement are also needed to strengthen causal inference in terms of the downstream effects of eating styles.

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The impact of perceived stress on US millennials' external and emotional eating behavior

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-07-2019-0490 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 123 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bendegul Okumus ◽

Ahmet Bulent Ozturk

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

The United States ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Nutritional Knowledge ◽

Content Type ◽

External Eating ◽

The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between Millennials' perceived stress and their external and emotional eating behaviors. Furthermore, the moderating effect of nutritional knowledge on the relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating and perceived stress and external eating of US Millennials was tested.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from 649 Millennials between the ages of 18 and 35 in the United States, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThis study extends the literature and provides further insights into the relationship between US Millennials' eating behavior and stress factors. Perceived stress positively influenced Millennials' emotional and external eating behavior, and nutritional knowledge significantly moderated the relationships between perceived stress and emotional eating and perceived stress and external eating.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, data was collected from Millennials living in the United States. Second, not all of the predictors, save one (perceived stress), were selected and hypothesized as predictors of Millennials' eating behavior. The paper provides the essential psychological elements of US Millennials' eating behavior.Originality/valueIf unbalanced eating and obesity are the result of negative psychological factors, the recommended diet models or physical exercise by themselves may be less effective at combating obesity and related health issues. This is because stress was found to be a highly significant reason for unbalanced eating, new and more practical stress coping strategies are needed to moderate unbalanced eating behavior.

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Effects of Restrained, External, and Emotional Eating Styles on Weight Gain Among Female Students at Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v4i1.1361 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nindhita Priscillia Muharrani ◽

Engkus Kusdinar Achmad ◽

Trini Sudiarti

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Female Students ◽

Restrained Eating ◽

Eating Style ◽

External Eating ◽

Eating Styles ◽

Before And After

ABSTRACT: Continuous weight gain increases the risk of coronary heart disease. This research was a six-week prospective cohort study aimed at identifying the effects of restrained, external, and emotional eating styles on weight gain by controlling energy intake, physical activity, and socioeconomic status. A total of 40 female students were assessed at three points within a six-week period. Eating styles were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire based on restrained, externality, and psychosomatic theories. There was a significant weight gain of 0.32 kg on average among female students. Twenty-five percent of respondents experienced changes in eating style, while the rest were consistent with one eating style. A significant effect on weight gain was found only in external eating before and after being controlled by energy intake (p<0.05). This indicates that external eating, rather than emotional eating and restrained eating, drives weight gain among female college students. This study also found that the proportion of restrained eating was higher in students with normal weight than in those who were overweight, whereas emotional eating was higher in underweight students than overweight students, and external eating was higher in underweight students than obese students. In conclusion, external eating may cause weight gain, yet restrained and emotional eating are not necessarily effective ways to control weight either. Therapies to stop the weight gain epidemic are urgently needed.

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Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia as New Eating Styles

10.31234/osf.io/dv6mp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Ramón Barrada

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Orthorexia Nervosa ◽

Restrained Eating ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

External Eating ◽

New Variant ◽

Eating Styles

It was recently proposed that healthy orthorexia (HeOr) and orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) should be differentiated. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the two dimensions of orthorexia can be considered new eating styles or basically equivalent to restrained eating behavior. Two samples of university students (sample 1, n = 460; sample 2, n = 509) completed the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Factor analysis with the TOS and DEBQ items together revealed an adequate fit for the preexisting five-factor solution (TOS: OrNe and HeOr; DEBQ: Restrained Eating, Emotional Eating, and External Eating). This result points out that these factors are conceptually distinguishable. Moreover, we tested whether the different eating styles presented different patterns of correlations with gender, body mass index (BMI), and age, and whether OrNe and HeOr predicted Positive and Negative Affect after controlling for Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating. Whereas Restrained and Emotional Eating were higher for women and increased with BMI in both samples, HeOr and OrNe presented much lower associations with these variables. OrNe was positively related to Negative Affect and negatively to Positive Affect, whereas HeOr was positively related to Positive Affect. Again, this result supports the assumption that OrNe is a new variant of disordered eating, whereas HeOr could possibly be seen as a protective behavior.

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Intuitive Eating

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000482 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 19-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Juan Ramón Barrada ◽

Blanca Cativiela ◽

Tatjana van Strien ◽

Ausiàs Cebolla

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Food Choice ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Weight Control ◽

Satisfaction With Life ◽

Intuitive Eating ◽

Control Behavior ◽

External Eating ◽

Eating Styles ◽

Physical Reasons

Abstract. Intuitive eating is defined as an adaptive way of eating that maintains a strong connection with the internal physiological signs of hunger and satiety. It has four elements: unconditional permission to eat whenever and whatever food is desired, eating for physical rather than for emotional reasons, reliance on hunger and satiety cues to determine when and how much to eat, and body-food choice congruence. In this study, we assessed the differences and similarities between intuitive eating, as measured with the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2), and eating styles (restrained, emotional, and external eating), assessed with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Using a Spanish sample of mainly university students ( n = 1,095) we found that (a) unconditional permission to eat presented a large negative correlation with restrained eating, r = –.82; (b) eating for physical reasons had a large negative correlation with emotional eating, r = –.70; (c) the dimensions of intuitive eating only showed very small correlations with positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, body dissatisfaction or weight control behavior after restrained, emotional, and external eating had been partialled out. Altogether, the present results suggest that two of the dimensions of intuitive eating as assessed with the IES-2 are not very new or innovative. The most promising new dimension of intuitive eating seems to be body-food choice congruence.

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Contributing Roles of Depression, Anxiety, and Impulsivity Dimensions in Eating Behaviors Styles in Obese Individuals Seeking Bariatric Surgery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-155867/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

FARID BENZEROUK ◽

Monique Guénin ◽

Fabien Gierski ◽

Delphine Raucher-Chéné ◽

Sarah Barrière ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Female Gender ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

External Eating ◽

State And Trait Anxiety ◽

Postsurgical Outcomes

Abstract BackgroundEven if bariatric surgery appears as the most effective therapeutic approach, it is not equally successful across individuals suffering from obesity. Among the factors that influence postsurgical outcomes, eating behaviors are known to play a key role in relapses. The aim of our study was to assess eating behaviors styles and several modulating psychopathological factors in patients suffering from obesity.MethodsPatients seeking bariatric surgery (N = 127) completed a set of standardized tools assessing eating behaviors (DEBQ), psychiatric comorbid conditions (MINI), mood (BDI-13, STAI), and impulsivity (UPPS-P).ResultsWe found significant correlations between DEBQ Emotional Eating (EmoE) and depression, state and trait anxiety and all dimensions of impulsivity. Significant correlations also occurred between DEBQ External Eating (ExtE) and depression, state and trait anxiety and UPPS-P positive urgency, lack of perseverance and sensation seeking. Regression analyses showed female gender, trait anxiety, and lack of perseverance as explanatory factors in EmoE, and depression severity score and positive urgency in ExtE.ConclusionsEmoE might be a means of dealing with negative emotions and/or intrusive thoughts, while ExtE may result from a mechanism associated with depression. These results may help to improve patients’ outcome by defining specific therapeutic targets in psychological interventions.

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EATING STYLE AND THE NATURE OF FOOD CONSUMPTION: MAPPING INDIVIDUALS’ HEALTH RISKS

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine ◽

10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.232 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 38-46

Author(s):

Madihah Shukri ◽

Nor Farid Mohd Noor

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Restrained Eating ◽

Short Version ◽

Junk Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eating Style ◽

External Eating ◽

Sweet Foods

Research examining whether psychological eating style is related to healthy or unhealthy eating patterns is required to explain the mechanisms underlying non-communicable diseases and obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether eating style predicts thenature of food consumption. This was a cross-sectional study of 588 adults (males = 231 and females = 357). Eating style (i.e. restrained, emotional, external eating) was measured using the short version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). The nature of food consumption was assessed using self-reports of consumption of fruits and vegetables, sweet foods, junk food, and snacks.The results revealed that restrained eating was higher in females and overweight participants. External eating,a higher frequency of snacking,and a higher frequency of junk food consumptionwere more prevalent among the younger participants. Consistent with previous Western studies, emotional eating was found to be the main predictor of consumption of less healthful foods (sweet foods, junk food, and snacks), whereas external eatingpredicted the intake of sweet foods. The intake of fruits and vegetableswas associated with restrained eating. In light of the significant associations between eating style and the nature of food consumption, acknowledging individuals’ eating styleshas implications for tailoring effective nutritional programs that address obesity and the chronic disease epidemic.

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