Pandemic of Infectious Diseases due to New Etiological Agents Predisposing Factors, Case study of COVID19 and Control Measures

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands that is prevalent in dairy bovines. It causes a significant proportion of economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. Cattle and buffalo farming contribute significantly to the economy of the state. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and algae may cause mastitis. Hence, it is essential to understand the etiological agents and predisposing factors that lead to mastitis in susceptible bovine populations in Madhya Pradesh state so that appropriate prevention and control strategies can be implemented. In this chapter, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of mastitis in general and in India, the state of Madhya Pradesh, in particular, will be presented.

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Emergency Management of Medical Wastewater in Hospitals Specializing in Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19010381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 381

Author(s):

Jia-Jun He ◽

Shu-Shu Zhao ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

Xia-Ying Liu ◽

Qin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Emergency Management ◽

Information Disclosure ◽

Control Measures ◽

Wastewater Management ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Field Hospital ◽

Modern Information Technology ◽

And Control

Medical wastewater originating from hospitals specializing in infectious diseases pose a major risk to human and environmental health during pandemics. However, there have been few systematic studies on the management of this type of wastewater management. The function of the Huoshenshan Hospital as a designated emergency field hospital for the treatment of COVID-19 has provided lessons for the management measures of medical wastewater, mainly including: (1) Modern information technology, management schemes, and related standard systems provided the legislative foundation for emergency management of medical wastewater. (2) The three-tier prevention and control medical wastewater management system ensured the discharged wastewater met water quality standards, especially for the leak-proof sealed collection system of the first tier, and the biological and chemical treatment technology of the second tier. (3) The establishment of an effective three-tier medical wastewater quality monitoring accountability system. This system was particularly relevant for ensuring continuous data monitoring and dynamic analysis of characteristic indicators. (4) Information disclosure by government and public supervision promoted successful implementation of medical wastewater management and control measures. Public questionnaires (n = 212) further confirmed the effectiveness of information disclosure. The results of this study can act as methodological reference for the emergency management of wastewater in designated infectious disease hospitals under similar situations.

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Effects of Alcohol Policy on Population Variables and Control Measures

Substance Abuse and Addiction ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7666-2.ch009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 179-189

Author(s):

R. W. Kisusu ◽

N. Kalimang'asi ◽

N. Macha ◽

J. L. Mzungu

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Alcohol Policy ◽

Control Measures ◽

Primary Data ◽

Statistical Tools ◽

Chi Square ◽

Municipal Council ◽

The Masses ◽

And Control

This case study of Dodoma Municipal Council focuses on the application of statistical tools to establish Population Variables (PVs) affected by alcohol and suggested control measures. The establishment relied on primary data involving a sample size of 156 respondents selected through purposive sampling and analyzed by cross-tabs and Chi-square. The analysis found alcohol policy affects mostly the lower-educated population, small householders and youths, and these were significant at 0.029, 0.002, and 0.006 levels, respectively. The inferences drawn shows within PVs, alcohol reduces students' performances, influences separation of families, and increases poverty in the households, and all were significant at 0.003, 0.028, and 0.003, respectively. The findings conclude that alcohol affects all PVs, which consequently ends up deteriorating welfare. Therefore, to combat alcohol, the chapter recommends usage policy legal measures and educating the masses on the effect of alcohol.

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Evaluation of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Ability of Medical Buildings in Harbin, China

HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal ◽

10.1177/19375867211056704 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 55-74

Author(s):

Tian Wang ◽

Shanshan Zhang ◽

Yue Wu ◽

Hongzhe Zhang

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Prevention ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Evaluation Model ◽

Building Design ◽

Control Measures ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Building System ◽

And Control

Objective: Entrusted by the Harbin Municipal Government, evaluation medical building system for prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases in the city has been established. Background: China, as a country that found the COVID-19 earlier, has taken strict control measures. However, as the medical building system is not perfect enough to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases. Method: First, expert group methodology was used and evaluation index of ability of prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases in medical building system was selected; then fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was adopted to establish index set and to set weight and medical building system evaluation model for prevention and control of sudden infectious diseases was constructed; finally, it’s to modify the indicators and weights in the evaluation set and to make an evaluation of the ability of Harbin medical building system to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases in accordance with the current management mode of system. Results: The medical building system in Harbin is significantly unbalanced in its ability to prevent sudden infections where there are low indicators for response monitoring and forecasting terminals, there are high indicators for the construction of emergency center. Conclusions: The evaluation model of the ability of medical building system to prevent and control sudden infectious diseases was constructed. The model is adopted to make practical evaluation of infectious disease prevention and control ability in Harbin and to form the evaluation method of the direct connection between the theoretical research of medical architecture and medical building design.

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Effects of Alcohol Policy on Population Variables and Control Measures

Governometrics and Technological Innovation for Public Policy Design and Precision ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-5146-3.ch012 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 267-280

Author(s):

R. W. Kisusu ◽

N. Kalimangʼasi ◽

N. Macha ◽

J. L. Mzungu

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Alcohol Policy ◽

Control Measures ◽

Primary Data ◽

Statistical Tools ◽

Chi Square ◽

Municipal Council ◽

The Masses ◽

And Control

This case study of Dodoma Municipal Council focuses on the application of statistical tools to establish Population Variables (PVs) affected by alcohol and suggested control measures. The establishment relied on primary data involving a sample size of 156 respondents selected through purposive sampling and analyzed by cross-tabs and Chi-square. The analysis found alcohol policy affects mostly the lower-educated population, small householders and youths, and these were significant at 0.029, 0.002, and 0.006 levels, respectively. The inferences drawn shows within PVs, alcohol reduces students’ performances, influences separation of families, and increases poverty in the households, and all were significant at 0.003, 0.028, and 0.003, respectively. The findings conclude that alcohol affects all PVs, which consequently ends up deteriorating welfare. Therefore, to combat alcohol, the chapter recommends usage policy legal measures and educating the masses on the effect of alcohol.

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Inequalities in Mortality From Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis by the Level of Education in Lithuania

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina47060049 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Snieguolė Kaselienė ◽

Ramunė Kalėdienė

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

University Education ◽

Educational Levels ◽

Tuberculosis Prevention ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

Inequalities In Mortality

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in inequalities in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis by educational level among men and women in Lithuania. Material and Methods. The data on mortality from infectious diseases in the Lithuanian population aged more than 30 years for the years 1989 and 2001 gathered from the Department of Statistics and censuses were used for the analysis. The relative and slope indices of inequality were calculated. Results. Mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis among persons with primary education was higher than that among persons with university education, and these inequalities were found to be increased in 2000–2002 as compare with 1988–1990 due to declining mortality among persons with university education and increasing mortality among less educated persons. Similar tendencies were observed while evaluating the inequalities in mortality from tuberculosis. In 1988– 1990, the relative indices of inequality for mortality from all infectious diseases and tuberculosis among men were 9 and 13, respectively. In 2000–2002, the relative indices of inequality increased significantly to 16.5 and 28.8, respectively. Inequalities in mortality from abovementioned causes for women with different educational levels were lower than those for men. The slope indices of inequality for mortality from infectious diseases among men with different educational levels were considerably higher than among their female counterparts, and in 2000–2002, they were greater compared with 1988–1990. Conclusions. While implementing tuberculosis prevention and control program and planning prevention and control measures, greater attention should be paid to less educated Lithuanian population at highest risk of this disease.

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Assessing Tourists’ Preferences of Negative Externalities of Environmental Management Programs: A Case Study on Invasive Species in Shei-Pa National Park, Taiwan

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11102953 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2953 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tzu-Ming Liu ◽

Chia-Mei Tien

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

National Park ◽

Public Support ◽

Control Measures ◽

Discrete Choice Experiments ◽

Negative Externalities ◽

The Public ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

This study uses discrete choice experiments to evaluate and reduce the environmental impact of negative externalities of managing invasive alien species (IAS), such as “ecological shock”, “health risk”, “waiting time” “tour range” and “prevention and control fee”, on the support of IAS prevention and control. We used data from Taiwan’s Shei-Pa National Park and its visitors for the case study and obtained 602 valid questionnaires. The results indicate that visitors consider that each unit of externality of IAS prevention and control measures significantly reduces their utility, and the magnitude equals the estimated value of externality. However, although negative externalities are inevitable, the support for IAS prevention and control measures could be maximized by adjusting the types and proportions of negative externalities. For example, visitors are willing to sacrifice up to 1.41% of the tour range in exchange for a 1% reduction in ecological shock. This study summarizes the negative externalities of IAS prevention and control measures and proposes to adjust the combination of negative externalities to reduce the shocks of those IAS prevention and control measures on the public, so as to increase the public support for IAS policies and increase the sustainability of tourism.

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Analyzing the country events registration of the ?safe community project using E & CFA technique: Case study of Esfahan Province

Environment Conservation Journal ◽

10.36953/ecj.2015.se1655 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (SE) ◽

pp. 461-476

Author(s):

Hamzeh Zarei ◽

Saeed Givehchi ◽

Mahanaz Nasrabadi

Keyword(s):

Safety Culture ◽

Control Measures ◽

Test Results ◽

Statistical Population ◽

Root Cause ◽

Community Project ◽

Statistical Sample ◽

And Control ◽

Safe Community

The present study aims to analyze the events of the ?safe community project of Esfahan using E & CFA technique. Safe community project includes the initial preparations for the establishment of a safety culture in societies and providing purposeful management solutions to prevent the occurrence of various events. With the aggregate of the statistics on a variety of accidents with clear definitions, a good statistical population to be examined and analyzed is created. The statistical sample in this study consists of all the victims of the events recorded in the software relating to the state ?safe community project and in the section about the investigation of accidents by questionnaire, technical experts in the staff units of Health Center No. 1 in Esfahan analyzed the two selected events in the form of responding to components associated with intermediate and root causes and provided preventive and control measures. The instruments applied in this research included a questionnaire on the analysis of intermediate and root causes and a questionnaire concerning the assessment of preventive and control measures. Also, the degree of importance of each component and its relationship with other components were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test and then, the intended components were ranked. Further, brainstorming sessions were held with the presence of 5 technical experts and 5-why tool and Ishikawa root cause diagram were used as a tool for investigating causal relationships in the two selected events. The test results indicated that each component in the questionnaire is not associated with other components and can be effective alone in creating the desired effect.

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