scholarly journals An Economical Impact of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Various Commercial Broiler Chicken Farms During 2020-21 in Gujarat, India

Author(s):  
A. Kalaria K. S. Prajapati ◽  
B. B. Javia A. R. Bhadaniya ◽  
D. T. Fefar A. Vagh ◽  
B. J. Trangadiya R. J. Padodara ◽  
K. N. Mokaria T. R. Kumbhani

Among the disease challenge, the Newcastle disease (ND) is the second most deadly viral infection and considered a very serious problem for poultry production in many countries. Outbreaks of the ND have a tremendous impact on the backyard as well as intensively reared commercial poultry farming and are considered as an unending agony of poultry farmers. During the study was observed that currently circulating NDV is viscerotropicvelogenic in nature and responsible for the outbreaks recorded in most of the vaccinated sampled commercial broiler farms which ultimately resulted in a huge economical impact on poultry farmers.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel B. Ekiri ◽  
Bryony Armson ◽  
Kehinde Adebowale ◽  
Isabella Endacott ◽  
Erika Galipo ◽  
...  

The growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained by major poultry diseases, despite the implementation of vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the level of protection against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) afforded by current vaccination schedules and characterize the circulating virus strains in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Serum and tissue samples and data on flock, clinical and vaccination records were collected on each farm. Farms were classified as being protected or not protected against ND, IBD and IB based on a defined criterion. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing was performed for each target virus on tissue samples and positive samples were sequenced. A total of 15/44 (34.1%), 35/44 (79.5%), and 1/44 (2.3%) farms were considered to be protected against ND, IBD, and IB, respectively, at the time of sampling. NDV RNA was detected on 7/44 (15.9%) farms and sequences obtained from 3/7 farms were characterized as the lentogenic strain. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) RNA was detected on 16/44 (36.4%) farms tested; very virulent (vv) IBDV and non-virulent (nv) IBDV strains were both detected in 3/16 (18.8%) positive samples. Sequences of IBDV isolates were either clustered with a group of genotype 3 virulent IBDV strains or were related to vaccine strains MB and D78 strains. IBV RNA was detected on 36/44 (81.8%) farms, with variant02, Massachusetts, 4/91, and Q1 variants detected. Sequences of IBV isolates were either clustered with the vaccines strains Massachusetts M41 and H120 or were most closely related to the D274-like strains or a clade of sequences reported in Nigeria and Niger in 2006 and 2007. This study revealed that most study farms in Oyo and Kano states did not have adequate protective antibody titers against IBV and NDV and were therefore at risk of field challenge. Infectious bursal disease virus and IBV RNA were detected on farms with a history of vaccination suggesting potential vaccination failure, or that the vaccine strains used mismatch with the circulating strains and are therefore not protective.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinley Penjor Penjor ◽  
Monu Gurung Gurung ◽  
Kamrul Islam Islam ◽  
Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes Magalhaes

Abstract Background Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and its infections are considered among the most commonly and widely distributed food-borne illness reported worldwide. Poultry products have been identified as important sources of Salmonella infection to humans. While there have been reports of high prevalence of Salmonella and multidrug resistance in imported chicken meat in Bhutan, the safety of nationally produced broiler meat with regards to Salmonella contamination is not known. In the absence of national surveillance of Salmonella in food animals in Bhutan, this study assessed the prevalence of Salmonella and its serotypes in broiler chicken carcass in the dominant poultry production areas of the country and determine its antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in January to April 2016 in all five major commercial broiler meat producers and suppliers in Bhutan located in the Samphelling and Darla gewogs. Following a systematic random sampling method, 36 broiler carcasses were sampled from each of the five broiler commercial farms producing the total sample size of 180 samples. Salmonella was isolated and identified following the International Organization for Standardization methods (ISO 6579:2002). All Salmonella isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) following the procedures of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method. Results The overall prevalence of Salmonella in broiler chicken meat samples was 12.78% (95% CI, 10.98–14.58). The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was higher in farms of the Samphelling gewog compared to Darla gewog [14.81% (95% CI, 8.2.7–21.5) vs 9.72% (95% CI, 2.9–16.6) respectively]. Among 23 Salmonella isolates, the most prevalent serovar was S. typhi (73.9%). The Salmonella isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin (73.9% of isolates) followed by streptomycin (56.5%) and ampicillin (47.8%). The highest proportion of resistance was noted to tetracycline (95.6%), trimethoprim (86.9%), amoxicillin (65.2%), and ampicillin (47.8%). Among 23 Salmonella isolates, 60.87% (n = 14) were considered multidrug resistant and 7 patterns of multidrug resistance were discovered. Conclusion The estimates of Salmonella prevalence and multidrug resistance in nationally produced commercial broiler chicken carcasses from the two main broiler meat producing areas in Bhutan, raises significant public health concerns highlighting the need for an integrated national Salmonella surveillance program across the poultry market chain.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Salimata Pousga ◽  
Cheikh Ben Maali ◽  
Georges Anicet Ouedraogo

The objective of the present study was to display the state of poultry production in fourth (4) regions (Nouakchott, Hodh El Gharbi, Assaba and Guidimaka) covered by ProLPRAF program at the beginning of the program activities in 2011. Data were collected during surveys with different questionnaires addressed to different actors of the poultry sector. Results from farmers showed that 65.0% were female with average age of 45.3 ± 8.40 years. Production constraints remained the same as those encountered in poultry farming in developing countries. There were no poultry markets in the regions, poultry sellers in Nouakchott were male (100%) with average age of 34.8 ± 5.2 years. Traditional local chicken marketed in the regions came either from Nouakchott region (40%) and others (40%), or imported from neighboring countries (20%). In modern poultry farming, day-old chick was imported from Morocco (85%) or Senegal (15%) as well as production inputs. The price of local chicken ranged from 1385 ± 126 to 2325 ± 275 MU, while broiler chicken was between 1255 ± 60 and 1470 ± 47 MU. Local chicken was for ritual, traditions and practices (75%). Layer’s Eggs were imported from Morocco (55%) or Senegal (45%), and average unit price of one egg was around 43.0 ± 5.0 MU. Poultry meat cooked in the restaurants consisted exclusively of broilers meat (100%). Poultry farming was facing socio-political constraints that limited its development, but the ProLPRAF program has been able to tackle these constraints and the impact of the program is plausible today.


Author(s):  
R. Z. Nurgaziev ◽  
A. R. Nurgazieva ◽  
E. D. Krutskaia ◽  
A. I. Boronbaeva ◽  
M. T. Tolubaeva

Newcastle disease is observed and detected on all the continents of the globe, except Australia, and causes great economic losses in poultry production. In the Kyrgyz Republic, Newcastle disease outbreaks were observed in 2015 and 2016. Regardless Newcastle’s pathogen is well explored, there are specific features of disease course and the problem of infection elimination is not solved. The authors explored the appropriate conditions for growing Newcastle’s virus in developing hen embryos. For this the researchers infected chicken embryos with different doses: 10-1 to 10-8 viral propagation was applied for 10-day developing chicken embryos into the allantoid cavity in the volume of 0.1 and 0.2 cm3 (doses of 6,104 to 0.6 50% embryonic infectious dose (EID50 ) per embryo and 1.2-105 to 1.2 50% embryonic infectious dose (EID50 ) per embryo, respectively). The degree of virus accumulation was estimated by means of hemagglutination test according to the titers of hemagglutinins in the allantoic fluid. The titers of hemagglutinins in solutions within 10-1 to 10-8 of virus-containing material shows that at volume of an inoculated virus-containing material of 0,1 cm3 accumulation of hemagglutinins of a Newcastle virus strain occurs at high level and does not essentially differ (Р>0,5); when applied for infecting developing chicken embryos of virus cultivation to 10-6 (a dose in this case ~ 60 50 % an embryonic infectious dose EID50 ).


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sarpong

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors influencing the performance of poultry farmers and examine the potential disparities in performance among gender, formalization and association membership and the source of such disparities if they are established. Design/methodology/approach This study focussed on the poultry farmers located in the Bono Region of Ghana. Data was gathered on a total number of 155 poultry farmers located in the study area for two rounds. This study augmented the traditional C-D function and estimate the determinants of performance using panel estimation technique. The Binder-Oaxaca was used to investigate disparities in performance. Findings The empirical results established a significantly positive relation between association membership, size, as well as formalization of farms and performance. However, there existed a negative relation between the level of education of managers and performance. Also, the discrimination analysis revealed the existence of discrimination stemming from association membership and formalization. Research limitations/implications Although the data gathered was adequate for the purpose of this study, further studies on poultry production in Ghana/Africa can broaden the scope to other constructs which are not captured in this study. Originality/value This study contributes to the growing literature that delves into the poultry industry of the Ghanaian economy. Conducting a further discrimination analysis aside the determining factors make the study unique.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (40) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Abdou Khadre Fall ◽  
Thierry Daniel Tamsir Nesseim ◽  
Sokhna Diarra Ndour

L’aviculture est une activité socio-économique très répandue et importante au Sénégal car c’est un secteur qui pourvoie des emplois. L’étude s’est déroulée auprès de 150 aviculteurs à travers une enquête formelle dans la commune de Bambey, région de Diourbel au Sénégal. Les enquêtes ont porté sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des éleveurs, la conduite technique et économique des élevages mais aussi sur l’analyse des contraintes. Elle est constituée de 70,7% d’hommes et 29,3% de femmes dont 75% sont mariés ,19% sont célibataires et 6% sont veufs avec une moyenne d’âge de 38,6±13,5 ans. L’activité est exercée notamment par des fonctionnaires (22,7%), des étudiants (17 ,3%), des commerçants, des ménagères et des ouvriers à 14,7% pour chaque groupe. Ceux dont l’aviculture est leur activité principale ne représentent que 8%. La motivation des aviculteurs est plus qu’économique (53,3%) et passionnelle (25,3%). L’appropriation de la volaille revient à 88% des enquêtés, à 6,7% aux membres de la famille et à 4% aux enfants. Les élevages sont de type mono spécifique (52%) et plurispécifique (48%). Les espèces élevées sont les poulets (locaux et exotiques), les pigeons, les canards, les dindes, les oies, les pintades et les cailles. La quasi-totalité des éleveurs (73,3%) alimentent leurs volailles au moins une fois par jour alors que 26,7% laissent leurs animaux en divagation. La reproduction est mieux contrôlée chez les espèces de races exotiques. La vaccination est pratiquée par 64,6% des enquêtés. Les pathologies dominantes sont la maladie de Newcastle (47,6%), le parasitisme (18,4%), la variole (13,4%) et le coryza (10,3%), Les principales contraintes sont les maladies, la cherté des aliments, la chaleur, le manque de formation. Cependant, le développement de l’aviculture nécessite la mise en place d’un programme de conseil. La subvention et l’implication de tous les acteurs du système est nécessaire pour son développement.  Poultry farming is a very widespread and important socio-economic activity in Senegal because it is a sector that provides jobs. The study involved 150 poultry farmers through a formal survey in the commune of Bambey, Diourbel region in Senegal. The surveys focused on the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, the technical and economic management of the farms, and the analysis of constraints. It is made up of 70.7% men and 29.3% women, 75% of whom are married, 19% are single and 6% are widowed, with an average age of 38.6±13.5 years. The activity is carried out by civil servants (22.7%), students (17.3%), shopkeepers, householders and workers (14.7% for each group). Those whose main activity is poultry farming represent only 8%. The motivation of poultry farmers is more than economic (53.3%) and passionate (25.3%). The ownership of the animals belongs to 88% of the respondents, 6.7% to family members and 4% to children. The farms are mono-specific (52%) and multi-specific (48%). The species raised are chickens (local and exotic), pigeons, ducks, turkeys, geese, guinea fowl and quails. Almost all farmers (73.3%) feed their poultry at least once a day while 26.7% let their animals roam. Reproduction is better controlled in exotic breeds. Vaccination is practiced by 64.6% of respondents. The dominant diseases are Newcastle disease (47.6%), parasitism (18.4%), smallpox (13.4%) and coryza (10.3%). The main constraints are diseases, the high cost of food, heat and lack of training. However, the development of poultry farming requires the establishment of an advisory program. The subsidy and involvement of all the actors in the system is necessary for its development.


2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Humphrey ◽  
Frieda Jørgensen ◽  
Jennifer A. Frost ◽  
Haddy Wadda ◽  
Gil Domingue ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Five commercial broiler chicken flocks were treated with either difloxacin or enrofloxacin for a clinically relevant infection, as instructed by a veterinarian. Campylobacters were isolated from individual fecal samples and from samples associated with the broiler environment before, during, and after treatment. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni and/or C. coli strains were detected pretreatment in four flocks, but they constituted a very small proportion of the campylobacters present. When the broilers were treated with a fluoroquinolone, a rapid increase in the proportion of ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacters was observed. During treatment nearly 100% of campylobacters were resistant, and in some flocks a high proportion of resistant strains persisted for up to 4 weeks after treatment. Prior to treatment a variety of campylobacter subtypes were present. During and after treatment considerable changes in both species and subtype prevalence were observed, but no single fluoroquinolone-resistant clone became dominant. Instead, resistant C. coli strains or a mixture of resistant C. coli and C. jejuni strains became dominant, whereas susceptible C. jejuni strains had usually been dominant prior to treatment. The resistant subtypes which emerged and became dominant were not always the same as those detected pretreatment. The persistence of resistant strains for up to 4 weeks posttreatment has important implications for any strategy designed to avoid the introduction of such strains into the food chain.


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