Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Poultry Farmers on Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Farm Hygiene Management in Bangladesh

The poultry farming is considered one of the hotspots for the use of antimicrobials. The knowledge, attitude and practices of poultry farmers are closely associated with the prudent use of antimicrobials in poultry farm practices. A cross sectional study was conducted among seventy-four commercial poultry farms using a pretested structured questionnaire survey to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of the poultry farmers regarding antimicrobial use, resistance and farm hygiene management. According to demographics, more farmers were secondary holders (29.72%), followed by higher secondary (22.97%) and illiterate (12.16%) with least number (13.51%) had training on antibiotics but no one had training on AMR. Farmers had sufficient knowledge about antibiotics (86.49%) but inadequate knowledge about antimicrobials (14.86%), AMR (51.35%), and animal and fish feed act (20.27%). The majority of farmers strongly agreed that AMR had a negative impact on production (40.54%), human health (36.49%), environment (33.78%) and economy (52.7%). Farm hygiene management revealed that most of them (90.54%) thrown the expired and leftover antibiotics in the open environments. Furthermore, the farm litter was managed diversely with 39.19% kept in open pit; 33.78% used in fish farm and 5.41% used for agricultural land. It was observed that the dead birds were disposed in a variety of ways, buried into ground (58.10%), thrown into field (9.45%), thrown into bush (6.75%), thrown into garbage (9.45%) and thrown in the water (13.51%). A significant higher association was found between the level of education and knowledge; level of education with farm practices such as choice of antibiotics, determining doses and duration of antibiotics, disposal of farm wastages, disposal of dead birds, farm biosecurity and vaccination coverage (p<0.05). Continuous education, hands-on training, awareness, and motivation of farmers along with good biosecurity, mass vaccination and proper hygienic measures can minimize the uses of antimicrobials in farm operations.

Information Source Utilization by Livestock and Poultry Farmers of Uttar Pradesh

The study was conducted during 2020-2021 to assess the information sources utilizationpattern of livestock and poultry farmers of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 120 farmers, 40 fromeach group i.e., dairy, piggery and poultry were selected randomly. Semi-structured personalinterview and online survey through google forms were considered together for collectionof data keeping in view the COVID-19 second wave. Information source utilization bymajority of the respondents was medium. ICT utilization among the respondents wasmaximum with mean score of 0.63 followed by mass media with mean score of 0.51 andextension agency contact with mean score of 0.498. Education, land holding and experiencein farming business were found to be significant contributors in information sourceutilization. Except age, all the variables such as education, annual income, land holding,experience in farming business and number of trainings undergone were positively correlatedwith information source utilization of the respondents.

Déterminants Sociotechniques De L'élevage De La Volaille Au Sein Des Concessions Dans La Commune De Bambey, Sénégal

L’aviculture est une activité socio-économique très répandue et importante au Sénégal car c’est un secteur qui pourvoie des emplois. L’étude s’est déroulée auprès de 150 aviculteurs à travers une enquête formelle dans la commune de Bambey, région de Diourbel au Sénégal. Les enquêtes ont porté sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des éleveurs, la conduite technique et économique des élevages mais aussi sur l’analyse des contraintes. Elle est constituée de 70,7% d’hommes et 29,3% de femmes dont 75% sont mariés ,19% sont célibataires et 6% sont veufs avec une moyenne d’âge de 38,6±13,5 ans. L’activité est exercée notamment par des fonctionnaires (22,7%), des étudiants (17 ,3%), des commerçants, des ménagères et des ouvriers à 14,7% pour chaque groupe. Ceux dont l’aviculture est leur activité principale ne représentent que 8%. La motivation des aviculteurs est plus qu’économique (53,3%) et passionnelle (25,3%). L’appropriation de la volaille revient à 88% des enquêtés, à 6,7% aux membres de la famille et à 4% aux enfants. Les élevages sont de type mono spécifique (52%) et plurispécifique (48%). Les espèces élevées sont les poulets (locaux et exotiques), les pigeons, les canards, les dindes, les oies, les pintades et les cailles. La quasi-totalité des éleveurs (73,3%) alimentent leurs volailles au moins une fois par jour alors que 26,7% laissent leurs animaux en divagation. La reproduction est mieux contrôlée chez les espèces de races exotiques. La vaccination est pratiquée par 64,6% des enquêtés. Les pathologies dominantes sont la maladie de Newcastle (47,6%), le parasitisme (18,4%), la variole (13,4%) et le coryza (10,3%), Les principales contraintes sont les maladies, la cherté des aliments, la chaleur, le manque de formation. Cependant, le développement de l’aviculture nécessite la mise en place d’un programme de conseil. La subvention et l’implication de tous les acteurs du système est nécessaire pour son développement. Poultry farming is a very widespread and important socio-economic activity in Senegal because it is a sector that provides jobs. The study involved 150 poultry farmers through a formal survey in the commune of Bambey, Diourbel region in Senegal. The surveys focused on the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, the technical and economic management of the farms, and the analysis of constraints. It is made up of 70.7% men and 29.3% women, 75% of whom are married, 19% are single and 6% are widowed, with an average age of 38.6±13.5 years. The activity is carried out by civil servants (22.7%), students (17.3%), shopkeepers, householders and workers (14.7% for each group). Those whose main activity is poultry farming represent only 8%. The motivation of poultry farmers is more than economic (53.3%) and passionate (25.3%). The ownership of the animals belongs to 88% of the respondents, 6.7% to family members and 4% to children. The farms are mono-specific (52%) and multi-specific (48%). The species raised are chickens (local and exotic), pigeons, ducks, turkeys, geese, guinea fowl and quails. Almost all farmers (73.3%) feed their poultry at least once a day while 26.7% let their animals roam. Reproduction is better controlled in exotic breeds. Vaccination is practiced by 64.6% of respondents. The dominant diseases are Newcastle disease (47.6%), parasitism (18.4%), smallpox (13.4%) and coryza (10.3%). The main constraints are diseases, the high cost of food, heat and lack of training. However, the development of poultry farming requires the establishment of an advisory program. The subsidy and involvement of all the actors in the system is necessary for its development.

Correlation of Asthma with Ammonia Exposure and Other Risk Factors among Informal Workers of Poultry Farmers

Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and its corelation with ammonia exposure among informal workers of poultry farmers.Method: This study design was a cross-sectional analytic to 69 respondents using questionnaires, field observation, physical examination, spirometry measurement, and peak flowmeter test to diagnose work-related asthma and measurement of ammonia level in air environment of farm. All variable were bivariate tested by using Chi-square test or Fischer test. The variables which have p value <0,25 were included into multivariate analysis by using binary logistic regression.Results: The prevalence of asthma in poultry farmers was 21,74%. In bivariate analysis, there was a significant corelation between working periode (p = 0,035 with OR = 7,00) and smoking habit (p = 0,018 with OR = 5,603) with asthma. There was no significant corelation between age, sex, nutritional status, work location, education level and marital status with asthma. The result of measurement of ammonia level in the poultry farm enclosure on average is 2,329 ppm. Multivariate analysis was performed on several risk factors that fulfilled the requirement p <0,25 ie working periode, smoking habit, nutritional status, and work location. From the results of mutivariate found that workers with a history of smoking habits have the strongest corelation p = 0,013 with OR 17,305.Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma in poultry farmers was 21,74%. There was no significant corelation between ammonia exposure in the work environment with asthma. But there was a significant corelation between working periode and smoking habit with asthma.

Impact of COVID-19 on Smallholder Poultry Farmers in Nigeria

In sub-Saharan Africa, most households in rural communities keep smallholder poultry, and are exposed to harsh socio-economic conditions caused by COVID-19 pandemic due to the vulnerability of their production systems to crisis. This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 on 525 smallholder poultry farmers in five states of Nigeria. The study was conducted 15 months after the onset of the pandemic in Nigeria using structured questionnaires focused on socio-demography, income, production systems, markets, and food security. Average household size increased from 6.9 before COVID-19, to 8.3 during COVID-19, representing a 20.3% increase in population growth. Over half (52.6%) of this increase was due to childbirths. Average monthly income before and during the pandemic was reduced from NGN 22,565 (USD 62.70) to NGN15,617 (USD 38.10), respectively. During the pandemic, there was a 28.4% increase in the number of farmers living below the international poverty line of USD 1.90 per day. In addition, reliance on chickens for food and income was significantly (p < 0.05) impacted by gender, location, household size, and monthly income. These results show that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the livelihoods and food security of farmers, and the findings are essential in developing appropriate post-COVID-19 interventions for smallholder poultry production in Nigeria.

An Economical Impact of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Various Commercial Broiler Chicken Farms During 2020-21 in Gujarat, India

Among the disease challenge, the Newcastle disease (ND) is the second most deadly viral infection and considered a very serious problem for poultry production in many countries. Outbreaks of the ND have a tremendous impact on the backyard as well as intensively reared commercial poultry farming and are considered as an unending agony of poultry farmers. During the study was observed that currently circulating NDV is viscerotropicvelogenic in nature and responsible for the outbreaks recorded in most of the vaccinated sampled commercial broiler farms which ultimately resulted in a huge economical impact on poultry farmers.

INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA ON AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: A STUDY OF POULTRY FARMERS IN OYO STATE

INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA ON AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: A STUDY OF POULTRY FARMERS IN OYO STATE

Qualitative Research on Solving Difficulties in Maintaining Continuity of Food Supply Chain on the Meat Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Although the pandemic phenomenon is not the first of its kind in human history, the common feature of COVID-19 is its rapid impact on the global economy. The challenge for the national economy on the world stage is to maintain a continuous food supply. The scientific purpose of the study is to report, analyze and evaluate backgrounds, causes of instabilities and their effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply and demand side of the meat market in the United States of America, China and Russia. The practical purpose of the study is to present implemented measures and recommendations on how to return to meat market equilibrium. In the theoretical part of the study, the revised public source of information coming from well-known organizations such as: EC, FAO, OECD, and WB, are used. In the practical part of the manuscript, qualitative research on the People’s Republic of China, Russian Federation, and the United States of America, along with semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts and Ishikawa diagram are presented. The primary data come from authors’ own research and collection of multiple sources. The article indicates the use of qualitative systematic review, supported by a creation of a prototype of the issues of maintaining continuity of the food supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic in the secondary sources, intensified by a keyword search. The results of the research are diverse and oriented toward the needs of the analyzed meat markets. In the case of the People’s Republic of China, the solution is to develop a system of subsidies and preferential rates for the use of rail transport in exports. In the case of Russia, the solution is to provide support to the meat and poultry farmers for cold storage of slaughtered animals. In the case of the USA, the solution is to develop technical and technological facilities in order to speed up the supply chain between local livestock with meat and poultry farmers. Moreover, the outcomes indicate that sustainability of the food supply chain needs well-thought-out support on agri-food supply production.

SEMIAUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING THERMAL COMFORT AND REDUCING RICE WASTE IN THE POULTRY BREEDING PROCESS OF SMALL PRODUCERS FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE AMAZON REGION

In the Amazon region, the reality of the conventional laying poultry production chain consists of farms with structures that are inferior to those in other regions, with a massive presence of small poultry farmers, without a water, food and air conditioning automation system. The need for improvements in the poultry process that the small producer needs to produce can be linked to the relationship of implementing technology for monitoring equipment or systems. Therefore, the motivation of this study was the creation of a semi-automated system to optimize the thermal comfort of birds and reduce feed waste in the laying poultry production process for small producers in the interior of the Amazon region in order to reduce mortality and maximize the profit. The methodology designated for the construction of this research was based on the nature of applied research, with a view to the qualitative-quantitative approach, through technical procedures of a case study. After assembly of the semi-automated system for feeding, adding the total savings for feed consumption would be 1964.20 kg of feed, in reais it would be R$ 7,856.80. And for the ambiance system, we have savings on the energy bill of 60.94 reais a month and 731.31 reais a year. The semi-automated systems suggested for small poultry farmers in the Amazon region theoretically fulfill their objective, both for the improvement of waste and for the provision of animal welfare and increased profitability.

What determines the performance of SMEs? Evidence from poultry farming in Ghana

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors influencing the performance of poultry farmers and examine the potential disparities in performance among gender, formalization and association membership and the source of such disparities if they are established. Design/methodology/approach This study focussed on the poultry farmers located in the Bono Region of Ghana. Data was gathered on a total number of 155 poultry farmers located in the study area for two rounds. This study augmented the traditional C-D function and estimate the determinants of performance using panel estimation technique. The Binder-Oaxaca was used to investigate disparities in performance. Findings The empirical results established a significantly positive relation between association membership, size, as well as formalization of farms and performance. However, there existed a negative relation between the level of education of managers and performance. Also, the discrimination analysis revealed the existence of discrimination stemming from association membership and formalization. Research limitations/implications Although the data gathered was adequate for the purpose of this study, further studies on poultry production in Ghana/Africa can broaden the scope to other constructs which are not captured in this study. Originality/value This study contributes to the growing literature that delves into the poultry industry of the Ghanaian economy. Conducting a further discrimination analysis aside the determining factors make the study unique.