scholarly journals Bronze-casting workshops of the Vengerovo-2 settlement (Baraba forest steppe)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
I.A. Durakov ◽  
L.N. Mylnikova
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Clay Coating ◽  
Significant Length ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Site Planning ◽  
Bronze Casting ◽  
Casting Production

The formation of the early bronze-casting production in Baraba and the appearance of products of the Seima-Turbino type were completed within the 3rd — early 2nd mil. BC — during the existence of the Krotovo Cul-ture. Plenty of work has been devoted to its characterization; the presence of bronze-casting on the sites has been noted, but special studies of this type of sources are extremely few. The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of the production areas associated with the processing of non-ferrous metals, based on mate-rials of the Vengerovo-2 settlement of the Krotovo Culture. Production sites were studied in six dwellings of the settlement. The uniformity of the workshops has been revealed in terms of site planning and principles of organi-zation of the production, although differences in scale have been noted. The use of two types of the forges has been recorded. In all these workshops and in other sites of the culture, a multifunctional sub-rectangular hearth buried in the ground with the walls and floor lined with fragments of ceramics or clay coating was found (with di-mensions of 1.65×0.87–2.3×0.9×0.21–0.52 m). The second type of the forges is less common — a small round or oval pit (0.4–0.5 m in diameter) with the bottom and walls lined with baked clay or fragments. The smelting was carried out with forced air supply. The casting of the metal was taking place next to the forge. Crushed bones were used as fuel. The production complex demonstrates extensive external economic and commercial ties. This is manifested by penetration of significant volumes of non-ferrous metal into the ore-barren areas of the Central Baraba, as well as by the presence of imported foundry equipment (molds made of marl and talc). The simultaneous presence inside the casters’ dwellings of bones of taiga-zone animals and those living in the southern, steppe regions indicates significant length of the supply routes. The specific features and unification of the production of the manufacturing equipment, nature of the work carried out, volume of heats, and a large number of similar-type forms suggest specialization of the village in the bronze casting production.

At the Dawn of Metallurgy: Bronze Casting Production of the Ob-Irtysh Forest-Steppe Population in the Early Bronze Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Durakov ◽  
◽  
L.N. Mylnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Thermal Studies ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Archaeological Methods ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
Bronze Casting ◽  
Functional Purpose ◽  
Casting Production

Th e monograph is devoted to the problems of studying the bronze casting production of the Ust-Tartasskaya, the Odinovskaya and the Krotovskaya cultures of the Barabinsk forest-steppe Early Bronze Age. Th e work was carried out within the framework of an integrated analytical approach, which includes the use of traditional archaeological methods and data obtained as a result of the application of natural sciences methods. A method for determining the functional purpose of technical ceramics fragments is proposed. Th e archaeological context of the fi nds is described in detail and the characteristics of the bronze casting sites are given. Products of the foundry set of production equipment are represented by fragments of nozzles, molds and crucibles. For each item, full descriptions, analogies, the results of binocular analysis of molding masses and thermal studies are given. An assessment to the cultural, chronological and innovative traditions of bronze casting in certain periods of the Bronze Age is given. Th e book is addressed to specialists-archaeologists, ethnographers and everyone who is interested in the most ancient industries among the population of Siberia.

scholarly journals Bronze Casting Complex of the Markovo-2 Settlement of Odino Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav I. Molodin ◽  
Igor A. Durakov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Casting Industry ◽  
Bronze Casting

Purpose. Metalworking production of the Early Bronze Age in Western Siberia is discussed in this article. Results. The first signs of local production can be traced to the beginning of the third millennium BC in Odino culture settlements occupying a vast area of the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe. At present, foundry production has been identified at Stary Tartas-5, Tartas-1 and Markovo-2 settlements. The materials of the first two complexes have been published. This article is devoted to the introduction of the Markovo-2 bronze casting complex, examination of the archaeological context of finding materials, and description of the structure and objects inside it. The traces of intensive foundry activity were found in only one dwelling at the settlement. This can be explained by specialization and concentration of production in the hands of certain groups within the settlement population. Planigraphic and stratigraphic analysis make it possible to reconstruct this dwelling as a surface structure with a slightly elongated oval shape. The production complex consisted of a smelter and a utility pit located in the central part of the dwelling. The finds from the filling are represented by fragments of at least five clay molds and two melting pots. For each bronze casting item, a complete description, data from binocular analysis of molding masses, analogies and reconstruction of the manufacturing method are provided. Conclusion. Based on the research, it was concluded that the metalworking traditions, techniques, equipment and tools formed in Odin culture are spread over the vast territories of the Siberian forest-steppe zone and continue to exist within Krotovo culture. The Odino sites in the Baraba forest-steppe date to the first half of the third millennium BC. It is concluded that the evidence of the bronze casting industry found at Markovo-2 is the earliest in that region, and that its level in Odino culture was high.

scholarly journals Impact of foliar fertilizing on the white mustard productivity in the northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukaraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
A.V. Melnyk ◽  
S.V. Zherdetska ◽  
Shahid Ali ◽  
Gulam Shabir ◽  
S.O. Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Training Research

The experimental studies were carried out on the fields of the Sumy NAU Training Research and Production Complex (TRPC) during 2016–2018.The soil of the experimental plot is typical deep-medium humus, large-dusty and medium-loam black soil on forest trees. The subject of the research was a white mustard variety of Oslava created at the Institute of Feed and Agriculture of the Podillya NAASU, entered in the Register of varieties suitable for cultivation in Ukraine in 2010. The aim of the research is to optimize the nutrition of the white mustard variety of Oslava through the complex application of mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilization under the conditions of the northeastern forest-steppe of Ukraine. The analysis of weather conditions, in particular the hydrothermal coefficient of Selyaninov (HTC), established that 2016 season was wet (HTC = 1.60), 2017 and 2018 were dry (HTC = 0.59 and 0.46). During the research, the cultivation technology was generally accepted in the experimental area, except for the elements studied. The results of the three-year study on the influence of foliar fertilizing under different mineral nutrition backgrounds on the yield of the white mustard variety Oslava are presented. It was found that the application of mineral fertilizers and complex fertilizers for the foliar feeding had a positive effect on the morphometric parameters of the white mustard, in particular, increased the plant height and the number of branches of the first order. The use of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N30P30K30 provided an increase in the yield by 0.34 t/ha, N60P60K60 – by 0.55 t/ha, N90P90K90 – by 0.61 t/ha on an average compared to the control. Therefore, for the maximum yield (2.14–2.21 t/ha) with a mass of 1000 seeds (5.39–5.54 g) of the white mustard under the conditions of the Northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, foliar fertilizing of Vuxal boron (3.0 l/ha) + Vuxal bioaminoplant 3.0 l/ha) and Spectrum B + Mo (2.0 l/ha) + Spectrum Ascorist (3.0 l/ha) should be applied on the background of N60-90P60-90K60-90, what provided an increase in the yield compared to the control of 0.58-0.65 t/ha.

scholarly journals Raising Hereford breed in the conditions of the Republic of Tuva

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
B. M. Ludu ◽  
B. K. Kan-ool
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Peasant Farm ◽  
The Republic

The paper presents the results of the research into the condition, number and concentration of beef cattle of Hereford breed, adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of the East Siberian region. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the methods of systematization, logical and comparative statistical analysis. The research information was based on the official materials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Tuva on animal husbandry. Out of the total number of livestock in the region (180 748 heads), Herefords amount to 2869 heads. A comparative analysis of livestock in farms of different forms of ownership and different natural and climatic zones was carried out. The largest population of Herefords (48.94%) is concentrated in the central agricultural and livestock zone with forest-steppe and steppe subzones (by the number of animals Piy-Khem kozhuun ranks first, 19.1%). In the southern zone of dry steppes, there are 27.43% of Herefords (by the number of livestock in the Republic, Tes-Khem kozhuun ranks second, 14.7%). In the western mountain-steppe zone there are 23.63% of Herefords, the largest number is in Barun-Khemchik (7.4%) and in Bai-Taiginsky (7%) kozhuun. Specialized beef cattle have not been brought to the high-mountain Mongun-Taiginsky kozhuun of the western zone or to the eastern high-mountain taiga zone. According to the results of the analysis, taking into account the category of farms, 56.4% of Herefords are kept in peasant farm enterprises, 19.7% – in agricultural production cooperatives, 29.7% – in other agricultural enterprises. All farms practise year-round grazing. Differences in the number of Hereford cattle by districts depend on the capacities of farms and climatic breeding zones. The monitoring which was carried out will allow to determine the prospects for raising purebred cattle of a specialized type, taking into account the terrain and zone of the breeding work in the conditions of year-round grazing in the Republic of Tuva.

scholarly journals Hylobius species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Siberia and the distribution patterns of adults feeding in Scots pine stands

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Andrei Gourov
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Seven Hylobius species are known from Siberia, while the occurrence of three of them is doubtful. Information available about the supplementary feeding of adult weevils is reviewed. It is likely that H. abietis and H. albosparsus are the only species of economic significance in this territory. In the northern forest-steppe zone, adult weevils usually prefer to feed separately on isolated or border young trees under the canopy of light Scots pine stands, but avoid the undercanopy regeneration in the dense stands. In the southern taiga zone, adults are abundant on cutover areas where they feed in clumps of young regeneration. In fresh clearcuts, up to 100% of juvenile trees may be damaged by the feeding of weevils, whereas the damage intensity declines sharply with the distance to the clearcut. An edge effect in the distribution of adult weevils needs verification and, probably, is time-dependent. Inside the stands, the crowns of mature trees may constitute an additional food niche for adults if the usual sources and preferred environmental conditions are not available.

scholarly journals The latitudinal distribution of vegetation cover in Siberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 00047
Author(s):  
Irina Safronova ◽  
Tatiana Yurkovsksya
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Zonal Vegetation ◽  
North Eastern

The latitudinal changes of vegetation cover on the plains of Siberia are observed. In Western Siberia there are 4 zones (tundra and taiga, and forest-steppe and steppe only here), in Central and North-Eastern Siberia − only 2 zones (tundra and taiga).Tundra zone is represented by 4 subzones in Central Siberia; in Western and North-Eastern Siberia − by 3 subzones (there are no polar subzone). All 5 subzones of the taiga zone are distinguished both in Western Siberia and in the Central Siberia, but in the Central Siberia, forests are found in very high latitudes. The feature of the taiga zone of Western Siberia is high paludification. As a result, the vegetation of mires dominates over the zonal vegetation. Zonal West Siberian types are dark coniferous forests. Light coniferous forests predominate in the taiga zone of Central and North-Eastern Siberia. In the forest-steppe zone in Western Siberia forests are small-leaved − birch, aspen-birch (Betula pendula, Populus tremula). The abundance of mires is the feature of this zone, as well as in the taiga.

scholarly journals The Issue of Western Siberia’s “Flat-Bottomed” Neolithic Research (Chrono-Stratigraphic Aspect)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 150-163
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Bobrov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Lake System ◽  
River Region ◽  
Ceramic Assemblages

Purpose. The article outlines three large provinces on the Asian territory of Russia which determine morphology of Neolithic ceramic ware (Amour River region and border areas of Far East and Pacific Ocean islands; Trans-Baikal region and Eastern Siberia, Western Siberia). Western Siberia is a territory where, in the Neolithic Age, such traditional shapes as round-, point- and flat-bottomed ones were spread. At the same time, inside the region, two areas – Western (trans-Ural and North-Western regions of Barabinskaya forest-steppe) and Eastern (Barabinskaya forest-steppe, high Ob area, including forest-steppes of Altai, and its foothills, and Kuznetsk basin) are outlined. If in the western part two traditions have been determined, in the eastern part, only one tradition – round-bottomed ceramic ware, has been found so far. Morphological specifics of ceramic assemblages of the Neolithic in the trans-Ural region caused a polemic in solving the issue of their cultural and chronological attribution. The stratified sites of Andreevskaya Lake System were the base of the main line of reasoning. The article presents a critical analysis bringing into question the use of stratified sites of Andreevskaya Lake System Neolithic as the reference. Results. The article suggests that the research of Taiga area sites, in particular Kondinskaya lowland, is the best approach to solve the main issues of flat-bottomed Neolithic of trans-Ural region in the actual conditions. In spite of its poor state of knowledge, the North of Western Siberia shows a relative stability of cultural tradition development. Synchronic and diachronic aspects of a zoned existence of round, pointed and flat bottomed Neolithic ceramic assemblages in the Taiga zone of Western Siberia is presented. Conclusion. The paper analyses the stratigraphic situations on the sites and objects in North-West Baraba (Tartas-1, Ust-Tartas, Avtodrom-1 and 2) which proves the early age of the Neolithic assemblages with flat-bottomed ware. This allowed to draw the conclusion about the identical development processes in the Neolithic of Trans-Ural and Baraba.

scholarly journals Current carbon storage in forests of two ecoregions of Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Усольцев ◽  
В.Ф. Ковязин ◽  
И.С. Цепордей
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Biomass Expansion Factors ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

В связи с глобальным потеплением климата оценка углеродного цикла в лесных экосистемах приобрела особое значение. Один из методов определения депонированного в лесах углерода основан на использовании конверсионных коэффициентов биомассы (ККБ) и данных Государственного учета лесного фонда (ГУЛФ). Путем объединения моделей ККБ с данными ГУЛФ в двух экорегионах России – таежном и лесостепном – было установлено, что за 20–25- летний период накопление органического углерода в таежной зоне значительно меньше (5%) по сравнению с лесостепной зоной (39%). Несмотря на существующие риски стихийных бедствий в лесостепном экотоне, за четверть века наблюдается значительный рост депонированного углерода. Это произошло вследствие высокой доли молодняков в начале анализируемого периода, обладающих повышенным приростом по отношению к спелым древостоям. Сопоставимые результаты были получены одним и тем же методом в разных экорегионах планеты: от 8% за 5 лет в Китае до 68% за 50 лет в Японии. Сравнение результатов, полученных предложенным методом и методом IIASA (Австрия), показало минимальное расхождение (3%), что дает основание считать полученные оценки депонирования углерода близкими к реальности. Однако сохраняется неопределенность, связанная с качеством данных ГУЛФ и депонированием углерода в почве. Due to the global warming of the climate, the assessment of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems has become particularly important. One method for determining deposited carbon is based on the use of biomass expansion factors (BEF) and State Forest Inventory (SFI) data. By combining BEF models with SFI data in two ecoregions of Russia – taiga and forest-steppe – it was found that over a 20–25-year period, accumulating the carbon deposition in the taiga zone is significantly less (5%) compared to the forest-steppe zone (39%). Despite the existing risks of natural disasters in the forest-steppe ecotone, there is a significant increase in carbon deposition over a quarter of a century. This was due to the high proportion of young stands at the beginning of the analyzed period, which have increased growth in relation to old stands. Comparable results were obtained by the same method in different ecoregions of the planet (from 8% in 5 years in China to 68% in 50 years in Japan). A comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method and the IIASA (Austria) method showed a minimal discrepancy (3%), which gives reason to consider the above estimates of carbon deposition close to reality. However, uncertainties remain related to the quality of the SFI data and the carbon deposition in the soil.

scholarly journals Fauna and Distribution of Blood-Sucking Midges of the Family Simuliidae in the Territory of Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Andrey Denisov ◽  
Elena Ivantsova ◽  
Anna Kholodenko ◽  
Elena Zaliznyak
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
European Part ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Large Rivers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Family ◽  
Vast Territory

The vast majority of these midges. (Simuliidae) is the bloodsuckers of humans and domestic animals. On the vast territory of Russia and the CIS, in the steppe, forest-steppe and especially in the taiga and tundra, midges occupy one of the first places among the blood-sucking Diptera. The family of blood-sucking midges is represented in Russia by more than 300 species. There are numerous midges in the valleys of large rivers with clean fast flowing water; their number is especially high in the taiga zone – in the valleys of the large rivers of Siberia and, to a lesser extent, the European part. On the territory of Russia moshki are found everywhere, but their abundance decreases from North to South. The zone of taiga and deciduous forests is most rich in them.

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