scholarly journals U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Iranian Nuclear Threat from Bill Clinton to Donald Trump Administration

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita ◽  
Muhammad Ilham Razak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Nuclear Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Trump Administration

Iranian nuclear threat remains one of the most pressing issue throughout the history of US foreign policy.  Ever since the islamic revolution occured in Iran in 1979, Iran hostile activities in Middle East has been a major threat for US  security interest, in particular when Iran started to build its ambition to build its nuclear weapon. Having said that, this article aims to discuss US foreign policy toward the threat of Iranian nuclear program from Bill Clinton administration until Trump Administration.  By using thematic analysis from Braun and Clarke, this article would scrutinize the internal and external factors of US foreign policy toward Iran and then seeks to understand the change and continuity of US foreign policy from Bill Clinton until Trump administration. From the analysis, it was found that US foreign policy has been influenced a lot by its internal and external factors, resulting in different responses of US foreign policy in each administration. Moreover, US foreign policy has been consistent to put Iranian nuclear threat as its major security threat despite differ in its foreign policy. However, the withdrawal of US under Trump in Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Action (JCPOA) deal has provided an inconsistency of US foreign policy with its previous administration.

Technical Issues Related to Computerized Music Performance Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 854-876
Author(s):  
Daniel Massoth
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Music Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Internal And External Factors

When technology is used for assessment in music, certain considerations can affect the validity, reliability, and depth of analysis. This chapter explores factors that are present in the three phases of the assessment process: recognition, analysis, and display of assessment of a musical performance. Each phase has inherent challenges embedded within internal and external factors. The goal here is not to provide an exhaustive analysis of any or all aspects of assessment but, rather, to present the rationale for and history of using technology in music assessment and to examine the philosophical and practical considerations. A discussion of possible future directions of product research and development concludes the chapter.

scholarly journals UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF THE US MIDDLE EAST POLICY FROM HARRY TRUMAN TO BILL CLINTON

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-65
Author(s):  
Kardo RACHED ◽  
Salam ABDULRAHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
American President ◽  
The Us ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Middle East Policy

Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US In this context, the paper focuses on the doctrines in use from the time of President Truman to Clinton. Thus, every American president has a doctrine, and this doctrine tells what political line the president follows regarding domestic and foreign policies. Keywords: Middle-East, Israel, US national interest, Soviet Union, Natural resources, ideologies.

scholarly journals The Nature of the Principle of Deterrence in the Nuclear Actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Sarmadi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Nuclear Weapon ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Current Article

US foreign policy during the Obama administration, especially in the second term, has focused to resolve its international crises in the Middle East and tried to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. In the current article, different approaches are brought forth in the field of discerning deterrence mechanisms that are feasible against asymmetric hazards. In the following, the attempts has been made to answer the question of how deterrence can be utilized as a mechanism to face asymmetric threats, and what role can Iran's nuclear program play in deterring countries in power in this process?. Hence, from the analysis of the mentioned model, we will present the main and major assumptions of the current article under four headings: deterrent measures, coercive measures, anti-deployment measures and counter-offensive measures. The tensions between Iran and the West are not the product of Iran's nuclear program, but are based on the religious ideology of the Iranian government and Israel's presence in the region, although the role of some Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, should not be disregarded. The hypothesis under consideration is that US foreign policy in the Iranian nuclear case has been directed towards the interaction of national interests by following the rational, organizational and bureaucratic model of decision-making models. The result of the research is that think tanks are very determining in leading the US government to the White House foreign policy decision-maker towards Iran, so that diplomacy actors cannot escape it. And public opinion seeks to make Iran's nuclear energy dangerous and to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon as a serious threat to humanity. Though, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its power to obtain nuclear weapons, does not intend to build a nuclear bomb, nor does it intend to make the world insecure. The power of reaching to a nuclear weapon can play a key and major role for Iran as a deterrent, and Iran intends to use nuclear energy not to build a bomb but to make it peaceful.

scholarly journals Conflict in the Middle East: The US and the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Matthew Dotzler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kurdish Conflict

The conflict between Turkey and the Kurds is once again reaching a boiling point. Following the defeat of ISIL in northern Iraq and Syria, Turkey is now concerned that the returning Kurdish militias pose a threat to its national security. The United States, as an ally to both parties, finds itself in a unique position to push for diplomatic solutions and to mediate the conflict before it grows out of control once again. This paper will examine the history of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict, the actors involved, and how US foreign policy can be used to try and deter yet another war in the region.

The Spillover Effect of the Syrian Crisis on the Peace Process in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1251-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahman Dag
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Political ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The Kurdish question has been one of the most protracted issues in the political history of Turkey. Given such a long securitization of the Kurdish question, it almost came to an end due to the peace process initiated by the AK Party government and the imprisoned leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan in 2013. Apparently it was not a solid process because it failed immediately after the June 2015 general election. There may have been many internal and external factors explaining the reason why it failed but this paper looks specifically at one of them: the influence of the Syrian crisis on the peace process in Turkey in light of spillover effects and spreading insurgency theories.

Community and Social Organisation

1999 ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Diane Frost
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Economic History ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Community Organisation ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal And External Factors

‘Community and Social Organisation’ is the last chapter in ‘The Kru Community in Freetown’, and provides an understanding of the social and economic history of the Kru in Freetown, and the respective internal and external factors that shaped it. The chapter focuses on community organisation amongst the Kru, rather than political organisation, which was shaped largely by forces outside the Kru’s social control.

14. US foreign policy in Russia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
The North ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Vladimir Putin

This chapter examines US foreign policy in Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 raised a number of questions that have profound implications for American foreign policy; for example, whether the Russian Federation, which inherited half the population and 70 per cent of the territory of the former Soviet Union, would become a friend and partner of the United States, a full and equal member of the community of democratic nations, or whether it would return to a hostile, expansionary communist or nationalist power. The chapter considers US–Russia relations at various times under Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin, George W. Bush, Vladimir Putin, Barack Obama, Dmitry Medvedev, and Donald Trump. It also discusses a host of issues affecting the US–Russia relations, including the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the crisis in Kosovo and Ukraine, and the civil war in Syria.

Once and future purchasing power, the yellow vests and populist economics

foresight ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques G. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand a spontaneous movement of social mobilization and protest known as the yellow vests and their unrelenting demand for increased buying power. Design/methodology/approach A capsule history of France and the universal struggle for a living wage lead to a post-Marxian process of intensified civic action to support the universal aims of well-being and fair play. Findings The yellow vests appear to be assuming the proportions of an unorthodox labor fraternity, a novel pressure network transcending the usual time-and-money quests of integrated trade unions. Research limitations/implications Little attention is paid to the changing nature of employment, work itself and labor competitiveness. These require further research. Originality/value Internal and external factors are identified, combining to explain the lack of discipline and orderly evolution by both animators and demonstrators.

Religion’s role in US foreign policy to grow

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Religious Persecution ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Trump Administration

Significance Any Trump-Rouhani meeting would undoubtedly involve discussion of religion and politics, since these issues have set both governments at odds since the Iranian Islamic revolution in 1979. This is important, since the nature of the influence that religion is having on US foreign policy is changing under Trump’s administration. The administration has often downplayed the role of ‘values’ (understood to be the promotion of democracy and human rights) in foreign policy. Now, religious freedom is emerging as a values framework. Religion is also used more frequently to justify the administration’s policies towards complicated issues including Iran and Syria, and counterterrorism. Impacts Defense Secretary James Mattis would likely oppose any attempt at regime change in Iran. Emphasising religious freedom will play well to pro-evangelical voters, likely most benefitting Republicans. The administration will increase funding for anti-genocide and anti-religious-persecution measures. Perceptions that the Trump administration is ‘anti-Muslim’ could constrain it advancing foreign policy in Muslim countries. US sanctions could be imposed on religious grounds, which could affect US and other investors.

Theorie Et Histoire De La Linguistique

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaela Simone
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Crucial Part

Summary The history of linguistics is presented as a crucial part of linguistics as a whole, in view of its contribution to the understanding of the logical and cognitive structure and evolution of the linguistic discipline itself. The basis for this view is to be found in Saussure’s distinction between the ‘matter’ and ‘object’ of linguistic science: what changes through time is not merely the object of study, namely, the complex system we call ‘language’, but also its matter, since the evidence we put forward is not simply given per se, but is selected by the investigator in accordance with certain determinants both internal and external to the discipline. Furthermore, this change affects the way in which evidence and theory are linked, i.e., the cognitive procedures leading from the former to the latter, which in turn are influenced by internal and external factors. This thesis is illustrated in a discussion of three crucial chapters in the history of linguistic thinking: Renaissance philosophy of language, Port-Royal linguistic theory, and Saussure.

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