scholarly journals Managing Protected Areas in a Changing World: New Insights and Opportunities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid ◽  
Sharif Ahmed Mukul
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Effective Governance ◽  
The World

Establishment of protected areas (PAs) is one of the key global conservation strategies that currently cover approximately 15% of the earth’s land surface. Globally, PA networks are designed to curb the growing anthropogenic pressures in areas with high biological diversity. Despite the importance of PAs in conserving the vanishing biodiversity and unique habitats, many of them are in critical condition due to poor governance thus functioning below the expected level. Moreover, in many developing countries, the PA coverage is below the global standard. Recognizing their contemporary role in conservation, governments have recently agreed to expand the global PA coverage to 17% by the year 2020 (Aichi target 11). This book with eight chapters from different regions of the world provides an overview of the PAs governance, institutional mechanisms, conservation benefits, limitations and challenges associated with their respective policy discourse, integrated management, and functional attributes. Protected areas expect to to play an important role in the long rn in conservation and protection of biodiversity and ecosystems particularly in countries where population pressure and habitat loss are high. Regular intervention, political commitment, and effective governance are essential for the sustainability of PAs across the world. Here, we also attempted to shed some light on future development clues for the sustainable management and monitoring of PAs worldwide.

Funds for biodiversity

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Gössling
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Global Network ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
General View ◽  
The World ◽  
Nations Development ◽  
Nations Environment ◽  
Environment Programme

A number of recent publications have pointed out the accelerating speed at which ecosystems and biodiversity are being lost (United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Environment Programme/The World Bank/The World Resources Institute 2000). The general view is that conservation can only be achieved in a global network of protected areas (see Pimm et al. 2001). To safeguard the most important ecosystems, Myers et al. (2000) have suggested that we primarily conserve 25 biodiversity hotspots, in particular forests, comprising 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. The costs for the conservation of these hotspots have been estimated at US$ 500 million per year (Myers et al. 2000), while the costs of a global network of protected areas may even reach US$ 27.5 billion per year (James et al. 1999). Even though these costs may seem minor compared to, for example, the costs of global armament, governments in developing countries and environmental organizations are clearly not in the position to finance conservation. It is thus urgent to raise additional funds to safeguard biodiversity. In the following, I suggest a twofold strategy, based on tourism.

scholarly journals Integrating physiological and ecological data to increase the effectiveness of bee protection and conservation

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Cedric Alaux ◽  
Jean-Luc Brunet ◽  
Mickael Henry
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
The World ◽  
Honeybee Health ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Due to growing anthropogenic pressures, substantial losses of honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) have been reported around the world, and the species richness and abundance of most groups of wild bees have declined in recent decades across Europe and North America. Assessing the possible impacts of ongoing and future environmental changes and developing mitigative policies are therefore of top priority to conservationists. For that purpose, there is an urgent need to identify new metrics that can be used to capture the state of health of bees and therefore improve their population monitoring. We show that a combination of landscape ecology and physiological metrics of honeybee health status is a highly valuable approach to measure the efficiency of habitat-restoration and enhancement schemes. We then argue for the development of this approach to better assist conservation strategies of wild bees.

scholarly journals Biodiversity and Protected Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Molla Mekonnen Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Material Benefits ◽  
Development And Management

<p>The benefit of biodiversity to mankind is more than its contribution in terms of livelihoods and material benefits. Protected areas are the prime foundations of national and international biodiversity protection and conservation strategies. They serve as shelters for different species and biological processes that cannot endure in intensely managed habitats and ecosystems. Protected areas are places of natural evolution and forthcoming ecological restoration. Given the solid and growing emphasis on the role of biodiversity and its linkage with protected landscapes development and management in many parts of the world, it would end up being a tragedy of survival if the role of protected areas in the conservation of biodiversity is downplayed through lack of attention or interest by the development actors. Therefore, different views and arguments on the subject were reviewed in this article with the major objective of exploring the roles of biodiversity and its development and conservation in the protected area setting.</p>

scholarly journals A cartography of dispossession: assessing spatial reorganization in state-led conservation in Saadani, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Orozco-Quintero ◽  
Leslie King
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The State ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Spatial Reorganization ◽  
Conservation Organizations

Proclaimed as the "most important conservation success story", protected areas have become the preferred method among state signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity for addressing conservation challenges. However, state-governed protected areas have been criticized for their failure to achieve ecological and social goals. Reaching a consensus on wildlife conservation strategies has not translated into widespread acceptance of state-governed protected areas by local communities. Critics debate whether the state is sincere and efficient when exerting spatial control. This article analyses state-based conservation in the Saadani landscape in Tanzania, exploring the nature of spatial reorganization and institutional approaches guiding the establishment of protected areas. Spatial reorganization and the actions of conservation organizations have led to the disenfranchisement of the very people whose efforts had enabled biodiversity to be conserved. This is despite an apparent shift in the nature of Tanzania's conservation policies towards more participatory approaches. Through detailing mechanisms used by the state for exerting spatial control in Saadani, we highlight how the approach has been counterproductive for satisfying the country's commitment to the Aichi framework on biodiversity targets and has undermined grassroots backing for conservation. In the context of strong support from the international conservation organizations for Tanzania's conservation efforts, this suggests the need for reassessing global conservation policies and identifying urgent measures and effective mechanisms to protect rights to territory and ancestral tenure in places targeted for conservation.Keywords: conservation, Convention on Biological Diversity, protected areas, spatial reorganization, actions of the state, Saadani, TANAPA, Tanzania. Uvinje 

scholarly journals Tourism and the Target of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Community Acceptance for Involvement —A Case Study of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Asantael Williams Melita
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Pastoral Council

There is a growing demand of Biological diversities uses in the world as a global asset of tremendous value to the present and future generations. This demand has raised threats to species and ecosystems existences. The Convention for the Biodiversity forum for Aichi Biodiversity identified about 5 strategies and 20 targets for the conservation of the biodiversity of the protected areas. The Community Based Diversity is the main goals that promoted by the Aichi targets as to protect biodiversity; to use biodiversity without destroying it; and, to share any benefits from genetic diversity equally. Tourism in Tanzania is basically based on biological diversity for about 69% in protected areas in Mainland and 31% at beaches in Zanzibar. All those biological diversities needs clear programs for the conservation and protection of flora, fauna and the environment to facilitate jobs and wealth creation for the indigenous population who often pay a cost in lost land usage for conservation and tourism. The Ngorongoro Conservation area with its uniqueness has about 87,851 people living within and a growing tourism population of about 647,733 visitors by the year 2013, and highly diversity of wildlife respectively. Community in the Ngorongoro counts tourism as an alternative activity that supports their livelihood. For the purposes of this study a survey of 100 local Maasai and oral interviews of 60 employees of the NCA’s and Pastoral Council (PC), examines whether tourism revenue sharing to the Maasai communities within the area has a positive support impact on conservation of biological diversity of the area as stipulated in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). I found that members of the Maasai community within the area of Ngorongoro are benefiting from Tourism and support the conservation strategies of the Authority positively. Nevertheless the benefits to communities within the protected areas like the Ngorongoro should properly structured as may reduce the natural resources existence basing on the nature and its driving forces that accelerate the population increases within and around the protected areas.

scholarly journals Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1454) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chape ◽  
J Harrison ◽  
M Spalding ◽  
I Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Global Indicator

There are now over 100 000 protected areas worldwide, covering over 12% of the Earth's land surface. These areas represent one of the most significant human resource use allocations on the planet. The importance of protected areas is reflected in their widely accepted role as an indicator for global targets and environmental assessments. However, measuring the number and extent of protected areas only provides a unidimensional indicator of political commitment to biodiversity conservation. Data on the geographic location and spatial extent of protected areas will not provide information on a key determinant for meeting global biodiversity targets: ‘effectiveness’ in conserving biodiversity. Although tools are being devised to assess management effectiveness, there is no globally accepted metric. Nevertheless, the numerical, spatial and geographic attributes of protected areas can be further enhanced by investigation of the biodiversity coverage of these protected areas, using species, habitats or biogeographic classifications. This paper reviews the current global extent of protected areas in terms of geopolitical and habitat coverage, and considers their value as a global indicator of conservation action or response. The paper discusses the role of the World Database on Protected Areas and collection and quality control issues, and identifies areas for improvement, including how conservation effectiveness indicators may be included in the database to improve the value of protected areas data as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.

scholarly journals Study of Coastal Mangrove Conservation in the World

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Aaron Kristian ◽  
Olivia Oktorie
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Close Vicinity ◽  
The World ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

Coastal areas are the crucial interface between the two major elements that cover our planet. They provide ground for various ecosystems and biodiversity. In developing countries, many coastal communities live in close vicinity of these areas and rely on the resources of marine and coastal ecosystems to secure food and income. Ecosystems close to shore are however greatly under pressure from varying economic interests and development needs. A common approach to mangrove conservation, as with conservation of many ecosystems, involves establishing protected areas that reduce anthropogenic pressures.

scholarly journals Use of Socioenvironmental Criteria to Assess the Certification Potential of a Surfing Reserve in Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (Vol Esp. 2) ◽  
pp. 333-356
Author(s):  
I. R. Llantada ◽  
T. Z. Serafini
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
The World ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Waves

Surfing Reserves are protected areas to protect recognized surf breaks, as well as the natural and cultural heritage associated with these areas. These areas have been created either by the countries’ own legislation or by non-governmental initiatives, such as the World Surfing Reserves – WSR promoted by the international organization Save the Waves Coaliton. In Brazil, surfing reserves do not have a legal support, but are foreseen in the Bill 6,969/2013 (known as “Law of the Sea”). In addition, the Brazilian Surf Reserves Program – PBRS (in Portuguese) has been structured to foster the consolidation of these protected areas, as well as to support the creation of new WSR. Surfing reserves, together with other protected areas, can strengthen the integrated management of marine and coastal areas, in particular through the implementation of Marine Space Planning – MSP, in the form of networks of protected areas, as has been carried out in the world. In this research, the certification potential of Ilha do Mel (coast of Paraná) in southern Brazil was evaluated for the creation of an WSR, based on the criteria of Save the Waves Co. Using the four criteria for creating an WSR, 25 parameters were evaluated and quantified through literature review, field observations and interviews with key informants. Ilha do Mel presented a “very high” potential for the creation of a WSR, with multiple surf breaks, in addition to a well-preserved natural heritage, partly due to certain restrictions on use and access to the island’s resources, including protected areas already implemented in its territory, local environmental control policies and limit on public visitation. Native communities with traditional uses of the territory are present in this location, in addition to a consolidated tourist activity, and surfing has a relevant role. It is concluded that Ilha do Mel has the appropriate characteristics for the creation of a WSR, which could reinforce the island’s socio-environmental protection and deal with potential threats, such as those related to the port and industrial activities of its surroundings. However, it is necessary to better understand the perception of local communities regarding an eventual WSR on the island, reinforcing community engagement in this process, in a context of apparent fragility of local environmental governance.

Illegal rattan extraction trends in the Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
R. Obour, D. Amankwaa, A. Asare
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
The North ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Protected Areas (PAs) are created for the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, but many of Ghana’s PAs are subjectto severe pressures and threats, the main pressures being the illegal extraction of natural resources. Rattans are indisputablyone of the most important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ghana’s Protected Areas that is without doubt one of thereasons for which it has drawn the attention of researchers. In this study the illegal rattan extraction patterns in the AnkasaConservation Area (ACA) in Ghana was inspected. Simple random sampling and Snowball sampling techniques were used. Datacollection employed the use of semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and field enumeration of rattans as well as an analysisof Effective Patrol Man-days (EPMDS) from 2004 to 2012. The results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75, p<0.05, r2 = 0.557) between patrol effort and rattan extraction encounters. In addition, there was a general reduction in illegalrattan extraction encounters from 2004 to 2012 at a rate of 4.3 per year. The highest illegal rattan extraction incidences wererecorded in 2006 (76 encounters), 2005 (35 encounters), 2008 (22 encounters), 2004 (18 encounters) and the least incidencewere recorded in both 2010 (3 encounters) and 2011 (3 encounters).The research also revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpawas the most extracted rattan species followed by Laccosperma secundiflorum. The major rattan extraction and trade routesoriginate in the northern parts and in the area east of the reserve and also south of Draw River Forest Reserve. Generally, rattanpoaching in Ankasa Conservation Area has declined, but there are still human incursions in the northern part of the reserve. Thestudy recommended an intensification of patrols in the north of the reserve. Also, enrichment planting and Agroforestry practicesof inter-cropping rattans with seasonal crops should be pursued vigorously for the local communities.

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