scholarly journals Physiological and Agronomic Strategies to Increase Mungbean Yield in Climatically Variable Environments of Northern Australia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashvir S. Chauhan ◽  
Rex Williams
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Variable Environments

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Australia has been transformed from a niche opportunistic crop into a major summer cropping option for dryland growers in the summer-dominant rainfall regions of Queensland and New South Wales. This transformation followed stepwise genetic improvements in both grain yields and disease resistance. For example, more recent cultivars such as ‘Crystal’, ‘Satin II’ and ‘Jade-AU‘  have provided up to a 20% yield advantage over initial introductions. Improved agronomic management to enable mechanised management and cultivation in narrow (<50 cm) rows has further promised to increase yields. Nevertheless, average yields achieved by growers for their mungbean crops remain less than 1 t/ha, and are much more variable than other broad acre crops.  Further increases in yield and crop resilience in mungbean are vital. In this review, opportunities to improve mungbean have been analysed at four key levels including phenology, leaf area development, dry matter accumulation and its partitioning into grain yield. Improving the prediction of phenology in mungbean may provide further scope for genetic improvements that better match crop duration to the characteristics of target environments. There is also scope to improve grain yields by increasing dry matter production through the development of more efficient leaf canopies. This may introduce additional production risks as dry matter production depends on the amount of available water, which varies considerably within and across growing regions in Australia. Improving crop yields by exploiting photo-thermal sensitivities to increase dry matter is likely a less risky strategy for these variable environments. Improved characterisation of growing environments using modelling approaches could also better define and identify the risks of major abiotic constraints. This would assist in optimising breeding and management strategies to increase grain yield and crop resilience in mungbean for the benefit of growers and industry.

The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute

The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.

Growth, yield and nitrogen requirements of winter sown cereals grown after cotton or summer fallow in the lower Namoi Valley, New South Wales

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
GK McDonald ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
FW Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Three winter cereals (wheat varieties Songlen and WW 15, triticale variety Satu) were grown after cotton or summer fallow under three levels of applied nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) at Narrabri, New South Wales. The cereals were sown on August 7, 1980 and growing season rainfall was supplemented by a single irrigation. Leaf area, total shoot dry matter production and ears per square metre were lower after cotton than after summer fallow, while grain yields of cereals sown immediately after cotton were 33% lower than those sown after fallow. Adding nitrogen increased leaf area, dry matter and grain yields of crops grown after cotton and fallow, but significant increases were not obtained with more than 100 kg/ha of applied nitrogen. Crops grown after cotton required an application of 100 kg N/ha for leaf and dry matter production at anthesis to equal that of crops grown after fallow with no additional nitrogen. The corresponding cost to grain yield of growing cotton was equivalent to 200 kg N/ha. The low grain yield responses measured in this experiment (1 8 and 10% increase to 100 kg N/ha after cotton and fallow, respectively) were attributed to the combined effects of late sowing, low levels of soil moisture and loss, by denitrification, of some of the applied nitrogen. The triticale, Satu, yielded significantly less than the two wheats (1 99 g/m2 for Satu c.f. 255 and 286 g/m2 for Songlen and WW 15, respectively), and did not appear to be a viable alternative to wheat in a cotton rotation.

Dry matter production and grain yield from grazed wheat in southern New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. McMullen ◽  
J. M. Virgona
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production

In southern New South Wales, Australia, grazing wheat during the vegetative and early reproductive growth stages (typically during winter) can provide a valuable contribution of high quality feed during a period of low pasture growth. This paper reports results from a series of experiments investigating the agronomic management of grazed wheats in southern NSW. The effect of sowing date and grazing on dry matter production and subsequent grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was measured in five experiments in 2004 and 2005. In all experiments, results were compared with ungrazed spring wheat (cv. Diamondbird). Grain yield of the best winter cultivar was either the same or significantly greater than the spring cultivar in each of the five experiments. Within the winter wheat cultivars, there was significant variation in grain yield, protein content and screenings, depending on site and year with the cultivar Marombi out-yielding all others. Interestingly, this cultivar usually had the least dry matter post-grazing but the greatest dry matter by anthesis of the winter wheats. Generally, if sowing of the winter wheat was delayed, then the effects on yield were small or non-existent. The results are discussed with respect to the benefits of incorporating grazing cereals into cropping programs in the medium rainfall zone of southern Australia.

Density and row spacing effects on irrigated short wheats at low latitude

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
I. Aguilar M. ◽  
R. Maurer O. ◽  
S. Rivas A.
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Very High

SummaryDuring four winter seasons eight spacing and density experiments were made under irrigated high fertility conditions in north-west Mexico (latitude 27° N). Experiments included various Triticum aestivum and T. durum genotypes of spring habit, short stature derived from Norin 10 genes, and contrasting plant type. Measurements included dry-matter production, photosynthetic area index, and light interception during one experiment, total dry matter at maturity in most others and grain yield and its numerical components in all experiments.Grain yield and most other crop characters were unaffected by row spacings within the range 10–45 cm interrow width. The optimal seeding density for maximum grain yield was 40–100 kg/ha (80–200 plants/m2). Yield reductions at lower densities (20, 25 kg/ha) were slight and accompanied by reduced total dry-matter production. Yield reductions at higher densities (160–300 kg/ha) were also slight and were associated with more spikes/m2 but fewer grains/m2 and reduced harvest index. It is suggested that lower than normal preanthesis solar radiation or weather conditions leading to lodging can magnify these yield depressions at higher densities.Measurements showed rapid approach of crops to 95% light interception, reached even at a density of 50 kg/ha within 50 days of seeding. It is suggested that provided this occurs before the beginning of substantial dry-matter accumulation in the growing spikes (60 days after seeding) there will be no loss of grain yield with reduced seeding density. Results point to a ceiling photosynthetic area index for maximum crop growth rate although there was a tendency for rates to fall at very high indices (> 9). This tendency was associated with very high density, high maximum numbers of shoots, poor survival of shoots to give spikes (< 30%) and reduced number of grains/m3;. The relatively low optimal densities seen here may be characteristic of genotypes derived from Norin 10.Genotype × spacing, genotype × density and spacing × density interactions were generally non-significant and always small. There was a tendency for the presence of non-erect leaves or branched spikes to reduce the optimal density, but large differences in tillering capacity had no influence. Differences in lodging susceptibility can however lead to substantial genotype x density interactions.

Evaluation of new cultivars of triticale as dual-purpose forage and grain crops

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Andrews ◽  
R Wright ◽  
PG Simpson ◽  
R Jessop ◽  
S Reeves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Two newly registered cultivars of triticale, Tiga and Empat, were compared with existing commercial cultivars of triticale, cereal rye and forage oats, for grain yield and dry matter production. Their performance was evaluated at Armidale, New South Wales, over 3 years with varying defoliation regimes (uncut to grain yield, cut in late autumn, cut in autumn and winter, and cut in winter only). Phenological observations confirmed that Tiga and Empat were midseason cultivars, intermediate between Coolabah and Blackbutt oats. Autumn and winter forage production and organic matter digestibility of Tiga and Empat were equal to those obtained from Cooba and Blackbutt oats. Grain yields (up to 4.0 t/ha) of the highest yielding triticale cultivar (Empat) were equal to, or greater than, the best oats cultivar (Blackbutt). Generally, the highest winter growth rates, dry matter yield at maturity and grain yield were recorded from uncut plots, except in the early oats cultivar Coolabah which, in 1 experiment, lodged in spring if left undefoliated through autumn and winter. Cutting only in autumn had small effects (negative) on grain yields, but cutting in both autumn and winter reduced total dry matter yields at maturity by 30% and grain yields by 50%. Cutting only in winter resulted in higher vegetative forage yields than a double cut (autumn and winter), but the single winter cut subsequently produced lowest dry matter yields at maturity. The high grain yields of triticale were linked to rapid spring growth. Harvest indices of triticale cultivars were generally lower than those of the oat cultivars. The results indicate the potential of triticale, especially cv. Empat, as a dual-purpose forage and grain crop.

scholarly journals Effect of priming and different initial soil moisture on desi chickpea ICCV 95107 (Cicer arietinum L.) dry matter production (kg/ha)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Kamithi K.D ◽  
Kibe A. M. ◽  
Wachira F.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Initial Soil

Technologies such as seed priming have been reported to result in early and uniform crop germination, enhancing optimum crop stand and establishment, eventually leading to optimal crop yields in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). This study, therefore, was initiated to evaluate the dry matter production of chickpea under different priming methods, varying priming durations and different initial soil moisture levels. Field experiments were carried out at Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development Centre (MIAD) farm Kirinyaga County, Kenya during 2012/2013 seasons. A split plot experimental design was used to test effects of no priming, hydro priming and halo priming at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % NaCl2 concentration) and at 8, 10 and 12 hours priming duration on germination and growth of desi chickpea ICCV 95107. Altogether, the trial comprised 13 treatment combinations replicated three times with pre-sowing irrigation to soils at field capacity (FC) (100%), 75 %, 50 % and 25 %. Data was collected at growth stages of 25,50,75,90 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The highest dry matter (DM) yields of 5001.1 and 3973.0 kg/ha was realized under 100 % FC at 105 DAS in season I and II, respectively. Dry matter accumulation (kg/ha) increased from 25 DAS to 105 DAS in both season under all pre sowing irrigation conditions, which correlates to growth stages. Dry matter also increased with increased pre sowing irrigation from 25% FC to 100% FC, and at every stage of growth. Halo priming for 8 hours with 0.2% NaCl2 distilled water solution gave the highest DM at all stages of growth (P ≤ 0.05). Significantly higher DM yields (P ≤ 0.05) were produced at 25% FC pre sowing irrigation with no priming (6500.0 kg/ha) and 0.2% NaCl2 for 12 hours (5900.0 kg/ha) by 90 DAS D during the wet season (SI). Dry matter ranged from 6440.0kg/ha at 50% FC- 0.2% NaCl2 for 8 hours to 6713.0kg/ha at 75% FC- 0.1% NaCl2 for 10 hours 6970.0 kg/ha at 0.2% NaCl2 for 8 hours. During the drier season (SII), the highest DM yields of 5017.0 and 4285.0 kg/ha were realized from 100% FC pre-sowing irrigation and priming of 0.2% NaCl2 for 12 hours and 0.2% NaCl2 for 10 hours, respectively. Therefore, adequate soil moisture of over 75% FC is necessary if effectiveness of priming 0.1 to 0.2% NaCl2 for 8 to 12 hours is to be realized under clay ASALs sandy loam soils of Mwea where droughts lead to prolonged seed emergence period, leading to deterioration of the seedbed and increased soil compaction, that eventually result in poor crop emergence, establishment and poor crop yields.

scholarly journals Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Xiu Chen ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Yuan Liang ◽  
Yu-Min Liu ◽  
Shi-Jie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Spike Number

Abstract Although researchers have determined that attaining high grain yields of winter wheat depends on the spike number and the shoot biomass, a quantitative understanding of how phosphorus (P) nutrition affects spike formation, leaf expansion and photosynthesis is still lacking. A 3-year field experiment with wheat with six P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha−1) was conducted to investigate this issue. Stem development and mortality, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and P concentration in whole shoots and in single tillers were studied at key growth stages for this purpose. The results indicated that spike number contributed the most to grain yield of all the yield components in a high-yielding (>8 t/ha) winter wheat system. The main stem (MS) contributed 79% to the spike number and tiller 1 (T1) contributed 21%. The 2.7 g kg−1 tiller P concentration associated with 15 mg kg−1 soil Olsen-P at anthesis stage led to the maximal rate of productive T1s (64%). The critical shoot P concentration that resulted in an adequate product of Pn and LAI was identified as 2.1 g kg−1. The thresholds of shoot P concentration that led to the maximum productive ability of T1 and optimal canopy photosynthetic capacity at anthesis were very similar. In conclusion, the thresholds of soil available P and shoot P concentration in whole plants and in single organs (individual tillers) were established for optimal spike formation, canopy photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. These thresholds could be useful in achieving high grain yields while avoiding excessive P fertilization.

Changes in the hay production and the harvest index of Australian oat varieties

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Sims
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Standard Variety ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production

The hay and grain yields of oat varieties currently widely grown in Australia have been compared with the old standard variety Algerian. The increased yield of the newer varieties is due almost entirely to increased grain : hay ratios (harvest index) and not to any increase in dry matter production. Only one variety in the study showed a significant improvement in dry matter production and, in this, the grain : hay ratio (harvest index) was not significantly altered.

Growth and yield studies of Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Boundy ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of serial planting on dry matter production, leaf area, grain yield and yield components cf Lupinus angustifoiius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at Rutherglen in 1973 and 1974. Delayed planting reduced dry matter production of all cultivars, and leaf area for Ultra. Differences in dry matter partitioning were observed between the late flowering Uniharvest, and the early flowering Unicrop and Ultra. In Uniharvest, delayed plantings resulted in a greater proportion of total dry matter being produced during the flowering phase, whereas the reverse was true for Unicrop and Ultra. The later flowering cultivars showed marked grain yield and yield component reduction with later sowing. Yields were reduced by 160.6 kg/ha and 222.5 kg/ha for each week's delay in sowing Uniharvest and Uniwhite, respectively. This effect was offset in the early flowering cultivars by greater development of lateral branches. In addition, when Unicrop and Ultra were planted in April, pod and flower abortion on the main stem resulted from low temperatures at flowering time. Optimum sowing time was early April for Uniwhite and Uniharvest, and early May for Unicrop and Ultra. Excellent vegetative growth under ideal moisture conditions highlighted the poor harvest indices of lupins and the scope for genetic improvement in the genus.

scholarly journals Role of salicylic acid as foliar spray on hydride rice (BRRI Hybrid dhan3) cultivation in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Mohammad Issak ◽  
Most Moslama Khatun ◽  
Amena Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Matter Production

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray on yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Hybrid dhan3.The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatment combinations as, T1: 0 μM SA, T2: 200 μM SA, T3: 400 μM SA, T4: 600 μM SA, T5: 800 μM SA and T6: 1000 μM SA. The results revealed that biomass production, dry matter production and yield and yield contributing characters were significantly increased due to the foliar application of SA. At the maximum tillering (MT) stage, the highest biomass production (15.0 t/ha) and dry matter production was observed in T3 treatment. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 showed significant variation on the effective tillers/hill. The maximum effective tillers/hill were found in the treatment T6. The percentages of spikelet sterility were decreased with increasing the level of SA and the percentage of filled grains/panicle were increased with increasing level of SA. The insect infestation was reduced with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM. The maximum grain yield (9.21 t/ha) and straw yield (9.22 t/ha) was found in the treatment T6 which was identical to T5. On the other hand, in all cases the lowest results were found in the control treatment. The result showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM (T6 treatment). Our results suggest that foliar spray of SA might be applied to increase the yield of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(3): 157-164, December 2017

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