In Situ Synthesis of Hybrid Inorganic-Polymer Nanocomposites

Hybrid inorganic-polymer nanocomposites can be employed in diverse applications due to the potential combination of desired properties from both the organic and inorganic components. The use of novel bottom-up in situ synthesis methods for the fabrication of these nanocomposites is advantageous compared to top-down ex situ mixing methods, as it offers increased control over the structure and properties of the material. In this review, the focus will be on the application of the sol-gel process for the synthesis of inorganic oxide nanoparticles in epoxy and polysiloxane matrices. The effect of the synthesis conditions and the reactants used on the inorganic structures formed, the interactions between the polymer chains and the inorganic nanoparticles, and the resulting properties of the nanocomposites are appraised from several studies over the last two decades. Lastly, alternative in situ techniques and the applications of various polymer-inorganic oxide nanocomposites are briefly discussed.

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In Situ Synthesis of Hybrid Inorganic–Polymer Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10101129 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Mohammed Adnan ◽

Antoine Dalod ◽

Mustafa Balci ◽

Julia Glaum ◽

Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Keyword(s):

Polymer Nanocomposites ◽

Sol Gel ◽

In Situ Synthesis ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Inorganic Polymer ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Inorganic Oxide ◽

Synthesis Conditions

Hybrid inorganic–polymer nanocomposites can be employed in diverse applications due to the potential combination of desired properties from both the organic and inorganic components. The use of novel bottom–up in situ synthesis methods for the fabrication of these nanocomposites is advantageous compared to top–down ex situ mixing methods, as it offers increased control over the structure and properties of the material. In this review, the focus will be on the application of the sol–gel process for the synthesis of inorganic oxide nanoparticles in epoxy and polysiloxane matrices. The effect of the synthesis conditions and the reactants used on the inorganic structures formed, the interactions between the polymer chains and the inorganic nanoparticles, and the resulting properties of the nanocomposites are appraised from several studies over the last two decades. Lastly, alternative in situ techniques and the applications of various polymer–inorganic oxide nanocomposites are briefly discussed.

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[MG49-LiClO4]:[TiO2-SiO2] Polymer Electrolytes: In Situ Preparation and Characterization

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2016/9838067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oon Lee Kang ◽

Azizan Ahmad ◽

Nur Hasyareeda Hassan ◽

Usman Ali Rana

Keyword(s):

Polymer Electrolytes ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Ionic Conductivities ◽

In Situ Techniques ◽

In Situ Preparation ◽

Solution Cast ◽

Gel Technique ◽

Cast Technique

In the present research, [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes were first prepared through simple stepwise in situ techniques: sol-gel technique and solution-cast technique. [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes were then characterized through different experimental techniques. [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes had exhibited significant structural changes upon different salt concentrations. In the present investigation, [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes had attained maximum ionic conductivities (σ~10-7 S/cm at ambient temperature; 10−4 S/cm at 100°C) upon 25 wt.% salt insertion. [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes had exhibited distinct conduction mechanisms in similar experimental configuration. [MG49-LiClO4]:[HNO3-THF/TiO2-SiO2] and [MG49-LiClO4]:[ClHNO2-THF/TiO2-SiO2] polymer electrolytes had exhibited different stability characteristics over certain operational condition.

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In Situ Studies of the Processing of Sol-Gel Produced Amorphous Materials Using Xanes, Saxs and Curved Image Plate XRD

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-590-119 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 590 ◽

Author(s):

DM Pickup ◽

G Mountjoy ◽

RJ Newport ◽

ME Smith ◽

GW Wallidge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Materials ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Heat Treatments ◽

Silica Gels ◽

Ex Situ ◽

High Count ◽

X Ray ◽

Image Plate ◽

Wide Range

ABSTRACTSol-gel produced mixed oxide materials have been extensively studied using conventional, ex situ structural techniques. Because the structure of these materials is complex and dependent on preparation conditions, there is much to be gained from in situ techniques: the high brightness of synchrotron x-ray sources makes it possible to probe atomic structure on a short timescale, and hence in situ. Here we report recent results for mixed titania- (and some zirconia-) silica gels and xerogels. Titania contents were in the range 8–18 mol%, and heat treatments up to 500°C were applied. The results have been obtained from intrinsically rapid synchrotron x-ray experiments: i) time-resolved small angle scattering, using a quadrant detector, to follow the initial stages of aggregation between the sol and the gel; ii) the use of a curved image plate detector in diffraction, which allowed the simultaneous collection of data across a wide range of scattering at high count rate, to study heat treatments; and iii) x-ray absorption spectroscopy to explore the effects of ambient moisture on transition metal sites.

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Probing the stability of Pt nanoparticles encapsulated in sol–gel Al 2 O 3 using in situ and ex situ characterization techniques

Applied Catalysis A General ◽

10.1016/j.apcata.2014.07.039 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 485 ◽

pp. 108-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R.U. Ribeiro ◽

D.M. Meira ◽

C.B. Rodella ◽

D.C. Oliveira ◽

J.M.C. Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sol Gel ◽

Pt Nanoparticles ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Characterization Techniques ◽

The Stability

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Upgrading Biogas to Biomethane

10.48216/9788269203325ch9 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Joseph Lamb

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Chemical Conversion ◽

Gas Permeation ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Ex Situ ◽

In Situ Techniques ◽

Significant Research ◽

H2 Addition ◽

Physical And Chemical

Biogas provides a flexible clean and efficient form of energy. Enriched biogas may generate large volumes of bioCH4, allowing its usage as an alternative to natural gas via existing natural gas networks or being used directly as fuel by vehicles. There are two broad categories of upgrade techniques where traditional methods focus on ex-situ upgrading, treating processed biogas to methane utilizing catalytic (biological and chemical) conversion, membrane gas-permeation, desulphurization, physical and chemical scrubbing, absorption and adsorption. Significant research has been made to increase performance and boost the economic feasibility of the above technologies, and many industrial plants around the world use ex-situ methods to enrich biogas. In-situ techniques such as CO2 desorption, pressurized reactor, H2 addition and electro-methanogenesis have gained considerable attention recently. This chapter discusses and examines state-of-the-art biogas enriching technologies showcasing in-situ and ex-situ methods.

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Epoxy networks reinforced with TiO2 generated by nonhydrolytic sol-gel process: A comparison between in situ and ex situ syntheses to obtain filled polymers

Polymer Engineering & Science ◽

10.1002/pen.24007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 1689-1697 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Davide Morselli ◽

Federica Bondioli ◽

Marco Sangermano ◽

Massimo Messori

Keyword(s):

Sol Gel ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Filled Polymers ◽

Epoxy Networks ◽

Sol Gel Process

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Phase Transformations in Sol-Gel PZT Thin Films

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-623-185 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 623 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.P. Eakin ◽

M.G. Norton ◽

D.F. Bahr

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Crystalline Films ◽

In Situ Heating

AbstractThin films of PZT were deposited onto platinized and bare single crystal NaCl using spin coating and sol-gel precursors. These films were then analyzed using in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope. The results of in situ heating are compared with those of an ex situ heat treatment in a standard furnace, mimicking the heat treatment given to entire wafers of these materials for use in MEMS and ferroelectric applications. Films are shown to transform from amorphous to nanocrystalline over the course of days when held at room temperature. While chemical variations are found between films crystallized in ambient conditions and films crystallized in the vacuum conditions of the microscope, the resulting crystal structures appear to be insensitive to these differences. Significant changes in crystal structure are found at 500°C, primarily the change from largely amorphous to the beginnings of clearly crystalline films. Crystallization does occur over the course of weeks at room temperature in these films. Structural changes are more modest in these films when heated in the TEM then those observed on actual wafers. The presence of Pt significantly influences both the resulting structure and morphology in both in situ and ex situ heated films. Without Pt present, the films appear to form small, 10 nm grains consisting of both cubic and tetragonal phases, whereas in the case of the Pt larger, 100 nm grains of a tetragonal phase are formed.

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{Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer]/[Mixed Inorganic Oxide] Nanocomposites via Polymer-in Situ Sol-Gel Chemistry

Chemistry of Materials ◽

10.1021/cm00049a029 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 192-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Phoebe L. Shao ◽

K. A. Mauritz ◽

R. B. Moore

Keyword(s):

Sol Gel ◽

Inorganic Oxide

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Sol-Gel Elaboration and Optical Features of Eu3+-Doped CdS Nanocrystals in SiO2

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.555.389 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 555 ◽

pp. 389-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. Julián ◽

J. Planelles ◽

E. Cordoncillo ◽

P. Escribano ◽

C. Sanchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sol Gel ◽

Silica Matrix ◽

Cds Nanoparticles ◽

Rare Earth Ion ◽

Sio2 Matrix ◽

Chemical Homogeneity ◽

Synthesis Conditions ◽

Cds Nanocrystals ◽

Back Transfer

In this work, Eu3+-doped CdS nanocrystals embedded in a SiO2 matrix were synthesised by a sol-gel method since this method confers a great chemical homogeneity, and allows in-situ generation and controlled growth of CdS nanocrystals within the silica glass. The influence of the sol-gel conditions on the Eu3+ optical response has been investigated. The synthesis conditions can be varied to modify the structure of the material, and the dispersion of the rare earth ion, within the silica matrix. From the optical analysis an energy transfer appears from CdS nanoparticles to Eu3+ ions but also a back transfer Eu3+ to CdS nanoparticles is evidenced.

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