scholarly journals Susceptibility of Exopalaemon carinicauda to the Infection with Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Chen ◽  
Liang Qiu ◽  
Hailiang Wang ◽  
Peizhuo Zou ◽  
Xuan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Taqman Probe ◽  
Exopalaemon Carinicauda ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Iridescent Virus ◽  
Transmission Electron

In this study, ridgetail white prawns Exopalaemon carinicauda were infected per os with debris of Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV)-infected Penaeus vannamei and via intramuscular injection (im) with raw extracts of SHIV. The infected E. carinicauda showed obvious clinical symptoms, including weakness, empty gut and stomach, pale hepatopancreas, and partial death with cumulative mortality of (50.0±26.5)% and (76.7±18.3)%, respectively. Results of TaqMan probe based real-time quantitative PCR showed that the moribund and survival individuals with clinical signs of infected E. carinicauda were SHIV-positive. Histological examination showed that there were dark eosinophilic inclusions, of which some were surrounded with or contained tiny basophilic staining, and pyknosis in cytoplasm of hemocytes in the hepatopancreatic sinus, hematopoietic cells, and cuticular epithelium, etc. Positive hybridization signals were observed in stomach, hematopoietic tissue, cuticular epithelium, and hepatopancreatic sinus of infected prawns from both per os and im groups, according to the results of in situ DIG-labeling-loop-mediated DNA Amplification (ISDL). Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections showed that icosahedral SHIV particles existed in hepatopancreatic sinus and gills of the infected E. carinicauda of the per os group. The viral particles were also observed in the hepatopancreatic sinus, gills, pereiopods, muscles, and uropods of the infected E. carinicauda from the im group. The assembled virions mostly distributed outside of the assembling area near cellular membrane of infected cells, which were with envelope and about 150 nm in diagonal diameter. The results of molecular biological tests, histopathological examination, ISDL, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that E. carinicauda is one of the susceptible hosts of SHIV. This study also reminded that E. carinicauda showed some degree of tolerance to the infection with SHIV per os challenge mimicking natural pathway.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Exopalaemon carinicauda to the Infection with Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus (SHIV 20141215), a Strain of Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Chen ◽  
Liang Qiu ◽  
Hailiang Wang ◽  
Peizhuo Zou ◽  
Xuan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Taqman Probe ◽  
Exopalaemon Carinicauda ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Iridescent Virus

In this study, ridgetail white prawns—Exopalaemon carinicauda—were infected per os (PO) with debris of Penaeus vannamei infected with shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV 20141215), a strain of decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), and via intramuscular injection (IM with raw extracts of SHIV 20141215. The infected E. carinicauda showed obvious clinical symptoms, including weakness, empty gut and stomach, pale hepatopancreas, and partial death with mean cumulative mortalities of 42.5% and 70.8% by nonlinear regression, respectively. Results of TaqMan probe-based real-time quantitative PCR showed that the moribund and surviving individuals with clinical signs of infected E. carinicauda were DIV1-positive. Histological examination showed that there were darkly eosinophilic and cytoplasmic inclusions, of which some were surrounded with or contained tiny basophilic staining, and pyknosis in hemocytes in hepatopancreatic sinus, hematopoietic cells, cuticular epithelium, etc. On the slides of in situ DIG-labeling-loop-mediated DNA amplification (ISDL), positive signals were observed in hematopoietic tissue, stomach, cuticular epithelium, and hepatopancreatic sinus of infected prawns from both PO and IM groups. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ultrathin sections showed that icosahedral DIV1 particles existed in hepatopancreatic sinus and gills of the infected E. carinicauda from the PO group. The viral particles were also observed in hepatopancreatic sinus, gills, pereiopods, muscles, and uropods of the infected E. carinicauda from the IM group. The assembled virions, which mostly distributed along the edge of the cytoplasmic virogenic stromata near cellular membrane of infected cells, were enveloped and approximately 150 nm in diameter. The results of molecular tests, histopathological examination, ISDL, and TEM confirmed that E. carinicauda is a susceptible host of DIV1. This study also indicated that E. carinicauda showed some degree of tolerance to the infection with DIV1 per os challenge mimicking natural pathway.

scholarly journals Description of a Natural Infection with Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 in Farmed Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Qiu ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Ruo-Heng Zhao ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Wen Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Taqman Probe ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Iridescent Virus ◽  
Giant Freshwater Prawn

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a valuable freshwater prawn in Asian aquaculture. In recent years, a new symptom that was generally called “white head” has caused high mortality in M. rosenbergii farms in China. Samples of M. rosenbergii, M. nipponense, Procambarus clarkii, M. superbum, Penaeus vannamei, and Cladocera from a farm suffering from white head in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed in this study. Pathogen detection showed that all samples were positive for Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). Histopathological examination revealed dark eosinophilic inclusions and pyknosis in hematopoietic tissue, hepatopancreas, and gills of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense. Blue signals of in situ digoxigenin-labeled loop-mediated isothermal amplification appeared in hematopoietic tissue, hemocytes, hepatopancreatic sinus, and antennal gland. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections showed a large number of DIV1 particles with a mean diameter about 157.9 nm. The virogenic stromata and budding virions were observed in hematopoietic cells. Quantitative detection with TaqMan probe based real-time PCR of different tissues in naturally infected M. rosenbergii showed that hematopoietic tissue contained the highest DIV1 load with a relative abundance of 25.4 ± 16.9%. Hepatopancreas and muscle contained the lowest DIV1 loads with relative abundances of 2.44 ± 1.24% and 2.44 ± 2.16%, respectively. The above results verified that DIV1 is the pathogen causing white head in M. rosenbergii. M. nipponense and Pr. clarkii are also species susceptible to DIV1.

scholarly journals First Description of a Natural Infection with Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus in Farmed Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Qiu ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Ruo-Heng Zhao ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Wen Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Taqman Probe ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Iridescent Virus ◽  
Giant Freshwater Prawn

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a valuable freshwater prawn in Asian aquaculture. In recent years, a new symptom that was generally called as ‘white head’ caused high mortality in M. rosenbergii farms in China. Samples of M. rosenbergii, M. nipponense, Procambarus clarkii, M. superbum, Penaeus vannamei, and Cladocera from a farm suffering from ‘white head’ in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed in this study. Pathogen detection showed that all samples were positive for Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV). Histopathological examination revealed dark eosinophilic inclusions and pyknosis in hematopoietic tissue, hepatopancreas and gills of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense. Blue signals of in situ DIG-labeled LAMP (ISDL) appeared in hematopoietic tissue, hemocytes, hepatopancreatic sinus, and antennal gland. TEM of ultrathin sections showed a large number of SHIV particles with a mean diameter about 157.9 nm. The virogenic stromata and budding virions were observed in hematopoietic cells. Quantitative detection by TaqMan probe based real-time PCR of different tissues in natural infected M. rosenbergii showed that hematopoietic tissue contained the highest SHIV load with a relative abundance of (25.4±16.9)%. Hepatopancreas and muscle contained the lowest SHIV load with a relative abundance at (2.44±1.24)% and (2.44±2.16)%, respectively. Above results verified that SHIV is the pathogen causing ‘white head’ in M. rosenbergii, and M. nipponense and Pr. clarkii are also the susceptible species of SHIV.

scholarly journals Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in African penguins Spheniscus demersus

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
R Hurtado ◽  
NJ Parsons ◽  
TA Gous ◽  
Sv der Spuy ◽  
R Klusener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Petechial Hemorrhage ◽  
Spheniscus Demersus ◽  
Undigested Food ◽  
African Penguin

Cryptosporidium spp. are parasitic intracellular protozoa that infect the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts of vertebrates. The disease affects many different avian species across all continents, and >25 species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium have been documented infecting birds. We report on an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in African penguin Spheniscus demersus chicks admitted to a rehabilitation center in South Africa from February 2012 to October 2013. Eighteen cases were confirmed through histopathology. The most frequent clinical signs were regurgitation (78%), dyspnea (72%), decreased weight gain or weight loss (72%), and lethargy (50%). Clinical signs began 8-46 d after hatching or admission (median: 13 d), and death followed 1-41 d after the onset of clinical signs (median: 13.5 d). The most frequent necropsy findings were stomach distended with undigested food or gas (78%), mildly reddened lungs (56%), spleen petechial hemorrhage (44%), and kidney congestion (39%). The most frequent histopathological findings were necrotic bursitis (89%), necrotic enteritis (83%), and bursal atrophy (67%). Small round or oval basophilic bodies (3-5 µm diameter) consistent with Cryptosporidium sp. were closely associated with the surface of the epithelial cells or in the lumen of the bursa (89%), large intestine (61%), small intestine (44%), trachea (22%), and ventriculus (6%). Transmission electron microscopy of 1 case confirmed that these organisms were Cryptosporidium sp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cryptosporidiosis in penguins, raising concern of the potential implications for the conservation of these species.

scholarly journals Ocular Histopathological Findings in Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis after Experimental Inoculation with Cervid Herpesvirus 2

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1007
Author(s):  
Javier Sánchez Romano ◽  
Karen K. Sørensen ◽  
Anett K. Larsen ◽  
Torill Mørk ◽  
Morten Tryland
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a common transmissible ocular disease in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). In large outbreaks, IKC may affect tens of animals in a herd, with the most severe cases often requiring euthanasia due to the destruction of the affected eyes and permanent blindness. An experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2), alone or in combination with Moraxella bovoculi, demonstrated that CvHV2 has the ability to cause clinical signs of IKC in previously unexposed reindeer. Tissues collected from upper and lower eyelids, lacrimal gland and cornea, were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Histopathological analysis of the eyes inoculated with CvHV2 showed widespread and severe pathological findings. Mucosal tissues from these eyes showed fibrinous and purulent exudates, hyperemia, hemorrhages, necrosis, vascular thrombosis, vascular necrosis, infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and lymphoid follicle reaction, which matches the described histopathology of IKC in reindeer. Characteristic alpha-herpesvirus particles matching the size and morphology of CvHV2 were identified by transmission electron microscopy in the conjunctival tissue. The quantification of viral particles by qPCR revealed high copy numbers of viral DNA in all CvHV2 inoculated eyes, but also in the non-inoculated eyes of the same animals. The histopathology of eye tissues obtained from the CvHV2 inoculated reindeer and the lack of inflammation from bacterial infection, together with the detection of CvHV2 DNA in swabs from the inoculated and non-inoculated eyes of the same animals, verified that CvHV2 was the primary cause of the observed histopathological changes.

scholarly journals Digital Measurement of the Diameter of the Collagen Fibers by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome-Like in Small Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor José Vieira Rossetto ◽  
Camila Crepaldi Ferranti ◽  
Bruna Fernanda Firmo ◽  
Daniela Adachi Miazaki ◽  
Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Digital Measurement ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Skin Elasticity ◽  
Transmission Electron

Background: Ehlers-Danlos-Like Syndrome (EDS) is a rare disease in small animals, whose diagnosis is based on the clinical findings and histopathological examination. The definitive diagnosis may require transmission electron microscopy. Despite this, the ultrastructural changes are poorly described in the literature. The aim of the present study is to describe the ultrastructural findings of collagen fibers and fibroblasts present in the dermis of two animals with EDS, and to evaluate the digital measurement of the diameter of the collagen fibers by transmission electron microscopic images.Cases: Two animals were evaluated with EDS by transmission electron microscopy. The first animal was an 1-year-old mixed breed female cat, due to spontaneous skin laceration, increased skin elasticity and an extensibility index corresponding to 25%. The second animal evaluated was a 5-month-old Golden Retriever female dog due to articular hypermobility, increased skin elasticity and an extensibility index corresponding to 16.6%. After a skin biopsy of the interscapular and lumbar regions, the samples were fixed in formalin 10% and glutaraldehyde for, respectively, histopathological examination by HE staining, and transmission electron microscopy. The histopathology of the affected cat revealed collagen fibers shortened and sometimes fragmented. The histopathology of the affected dog revealed disarranged and more eosinophilic staining collagen fibers. The collagen fibers were also of unequal sizes, shortened and slightly undulate. At the transmission electron microscopy of the affected cat was evidenced a greater spacing of the collagen fibers of variable diameters. Further this, the fibroblasts showed elongated nuclei with heterochromatic regions, which was surrounded externally by scant cytoplasm. The cytoplasm showed elongated and discrete organelles. At the transmission electron microscopy of the affected dog was evidenced a greater spacing of the collagen fibers of variable diameters. Further this, fibroblasts exhibited intense cytoplasmic vacuolization with similar appearance to that found in the dying process by autophagy. In addition, the images obtained by transmission electron microscopy were submitted to digital analysis to measure the diameter of the collagen fibers using the software Image J. For this purpose, it was obtained the average of the diameter of 10 collagen fibers in cross-section into four quadrants of 1μm each. The digital analysis of collagen fibers revealed significant alterations in the ultrastructure of collagen. In addition, it was verified cellular changes, such as the large amount of intracytoplasmic vesicles and the small amount of collagen fibers dispersed around the cells.Discussion: Microscopic abnormalities visualized by HE staining in this present study were compatible with the literature Transmission electron microscopy is fundamental to confirm the suspicion, since it revealed dermal alterations in the ultrastructure of collagen and fibroblasts. These findings indicate possible failure mechanisms of secretion and release of cellular products, as well as collagen. The digital measurement of the diameter of the collagen fibers contributed to the confirmation of the disease, since it was made randomly and reduced the subjectivity inherent of the evaluator. However, there are no studies using this method to allocate a range of significance for the diameter of collagen fibers that may be considered suggestive for the syndrome in small animals.

scholarly journals Pathognomonic features and ultrastructural of Koi Herpesvirus infected Oreochromis niloticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
BUDI RIANTO WAHIDI ◽  
UUN YANUHAR ◽  
MOHAMAD MOHAMAD FADJAR ◽  
SRI ANDAYANI
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Intranuclear Inclusion ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
Transmission Electron

Abstract. Wahidi BR, Yanuhar U, Fadjar M, Andayani A. 2019. Pathognomonic features and ultrastructural of Koi Herpesvirus infected Oreochromis niloticus. Biodiversitas 20: 497-503. Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) has caused considerable losses in the cultivation of the Cyprinidae family worldwide. In addition to infecting Cyprinidae, KHV can also infect other freshwater fish. This study reports histopathology and ultrastructural analysis of KHV that infect Nile tilapia. Although there are no specific clinical symptoms, pathognomonic indicating Nile tilapia fish has been infected with KHV have been found, i.e. through the formation of intranuclear inclusion body and cell swelling which essentially experience chromatin margination. In addition, histopathology results indicate changes or damage to other tilapia tissue, i.e. necrosis, hypertrophy, edema, hemorrhage, inflammation, congestion, degeneration, and apoptosis. These results indicate that KHV has been distributed and replicated in tilapia organs. Based on the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, KHV virions have been detected in the cytoplasm or outside the cells on a size of 150-170 nm.  

Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Aluminum Alloy-Boron Composites by Ion Erosio

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
G. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fiber Matrix ◽  
Ion Erosion ◽  
Row Of Fibers

The morphology and composition of the fiber-matrix interface can best be studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For some composites satisfactory samples can be prepared by electropolishing. For others such as aluminum alloy-boron composites ion erosion is necessary.When one wishes to examine a specimen with the electron beam perpendicular to the fiber, preparation is as follows: A 1/8 in. disk is cut from the sample with a cylindrical tool by spark machining. Thin slices, 5 mils thick, containing one row of fibers, are then, spark-machined from the disk. After spark machining, the slice is carefully polished with diamond paste until the row of fibers is exposed on each side, as shown in Figure 1.In the case where examination is desired with the electron beam parallel to the fiber, preparation is as follows: Experimental composites are usually 50 mils or less in thickness so an auxiliary holder is necessary during ion milling and for easy transfer to the electron microscope. This holder is pure aluminum sheet, 3 mils thick.

Direct Observation of Heat Exchanger Deposits by Cross Sectioning

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
R. W. Anderson ◽  
D. L. Senecal
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Deposit Layer

A problem was presented to observe the packing densities of deposits of sub-micron corrosion product particles. The deposits were 5-100 mils thick and had formed on the inside surfaces of 3/8 inch diameter Zircaloy-2 heat exchanger tubes. The particles were iron oxides deposited from flowing water and consequently were only weakly bonded. Particular care was required during handling to preserve the original formations of the deposits. The specimen preparation method described below allowed direct observation of cross sections of the deposit layers by transmission electron microscopy.The specimens were short sections of the tubes (about 3 inches long) that were carefully cut from the systems. The insides of the tube sections were first coated with a thin layer of a fluid epoxy resin by dipping. This coating served to impregnate the deposit layer as well as to protect the layer if subsequent handling were required.

Phase Transformations in Ti-7w/oMo-3w/oMe Alloy

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
S. Fujishiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Water Quench ◽  
Alpha Beta

The mechanical properties of three titanium alloys (Ti-7Mo-3Al, Ti-7Mo- 3Cu and Ti-7Mo-3Ta) were evaluated as function of: 1) Solutionizing in the beta field and aging, 2) Thermal Mechanical Processing in the beta field and aging, 3) Solutionizing in the alpha + beta field and aging. The samples were isothermally aged in the temperature range 300° to 700*C for 4 to 24 hours, followed by a water quench. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray method were used to identify the phase formed. All three alloys solutionized at 1050°C (beta field) transformed to martensitic alpha (alpha prime) upon being water quenched. Despite this heavily strained alpha prime, which is characterized by microtwins the tensile strength of the as-quenched alloys is relatively low and the elongation is as high as 30%.

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