scholarly journals Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes and Disease Resistance in Fish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Yamaguchi ◽  
Johannes M. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Class I ◽  
Mhc Genes ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Genomic Regions

The basic pattern of MHC variation in fish, with MHC class I versus class II, and polymorphic classical versus nonpolymorphic nonclassical, is similar in fish and mammals. Nevertheless, in many or all teleost fishes, important differences with mammalian or human MHC were observed: (1) The allelic/haplotype diversification levels of classical MHC class I genes tend to be much higher than in mammals; (2) Teleost fish classical MHC class I and class II loci are not linked. The present article summarizes previous studies that performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for mapping differences in teleost fish disease resistance, and discusses them from MHC point of view. Overall, those studies suggest the possible importance of genomic regions including classical MHC class II and nonclassical MHC class I genes, whereas similar observations were not made for the genomic regions with the highly diversified classical MHC class I alleles. The present study is a review and discussion of the fish MHC situation.

scholarly journals Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes and Disease Resistance in Fish

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamaguchi ◽  
Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Polymorphism ◽  
Genomic Regions

Fascinating about classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is their polymorphism. The present study is a review and discussion of the fish MHC situation. The basic pattern of MHC variation in fish is similar to mammals, with MHC class I versus class II, and polymorphic classical versus nonpolymorphic nonclassical. However, in many or all teleost fishes, important differences with mammalian or human MHC were observed: (1) The allelic/haplotype diversification levels of classical MHC class I tend to be much higher than in mammals and involve structural positions within but also outside the peptide binding groove; (2) Teleost fish classical MHC class I and class II loci are not linked. The present article summarizes previous studies that performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for mapping differences in teleost fish disease resistance, and discusses them from MHC point of view. Overall, those QTL studies suggest the possible importance of genomic regions including classical MHC class II and nonclassical MHC class I genes, whereas similar observations were not made for the genomic regions with the highly diversified classical MHC class I alleles. It must be concluded that despite decades of knowing MHC polymorphism in jawed vertebrate species including fish, firm conclusions (as opposed to appealing hypotheses) on the reasons for MHC polymorphism cannot be made, and that the types of polymorphism observed in fish may not be explained by disease-resistance models alone.

scholarly journals Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) fragment numbers alone – in Atlantic cod and in general - do not represent functional variability

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes M. Dijkstra ◽  
Unni Grimholt
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Speciation Rates

This correspondence concerns a publication by Malmstrøm et al. in Nature Genetics in October 2016. Malmstrøm et al. made an important contribution to fish phylogeny research by using low-coverage genome sequencing for comparison of 66 teleost (modern bony) fish species, with 64 of those 66 belonging to the species-rich clade Neoteleostei, and with 27 of those 64 belonging to the order Gadiformes. For these 66 species, Malmstrøm et al. estimated numbers of genes belonging to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I lineages U and Z and concluded that in teleost fish these combined numbers are positively associated with, and a driving factor of, the rates of establishment of new fish species (speciation rates). They also claimed that functional genes for the MHC class II system molecules MHC IIA, MHC IIB, CD4 and CD74 were lost in early Gadiformes. Our main criticisms are (1) that the authors did not provide sufficient evidence for presence or absence of intact functional MHC class I or MHC class II system genes, (2) that they did not discuss that an MHC subpopulation gene number alone is a very incomplete measure of MHC variance, and (3) that the MHC system is more likely to reduce speciation rates than to enhance them. We conclude that their new model of MHC class I evolution, reflected in their title “Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fish”, is unsubstantiated. In addition, we explain that their “pinpointing” of the functional loss of the MHC class II system and all the important MHC class II system genes to the onset of Gadiformes is preliminary, because they did not sufficiently investigate the species at the clade border.

A third broad lineage of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in teleost fish; MHC class II linkage and processed genes

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Martinus Dijkstra ◽  
Takayuki Katagiri ◽  
Kazuyoshi Hosomichi ◽  
Kazuyo Yanagiya ◽  
Hidetoshi Inoko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Processed Genes

scholarly journals Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) fragment numbers alone – in Atlantic cod and in general - do not represent functional variability

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Johannes M. Dijkstra ◽  
Unni Grimholt
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Speciation Rates

This correspondence concerns a publication by Malmstrøm et al. in Nature Genetics in October 2016. Malmstrøm et al. made an important contribution to fish phylogeny research by using low-coverage genome sequencing for comparison of 66 teleost (modern bony) fish species, with 64 of those 66 belonging to the species-rich clade Neoteleostei, and with 27 of those 64 belonging to the order Gadiformes. For these 66 species, Malmstrøm et al. estimated numbers of genes belonging to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I lineages U and Z and concluded that in teleost fish these combined numbers are positively associated with, and a driving factor of, the rates of establishment of new fish species (speciation rates). They also claimed that functional genes for the MHC class II system molecules MHC IIA, MHC IIB, CD4 and CD74 were lost in early Gadiformes. Our main criticisms are (1) that the authors did not provide sufficient evidence for presence or absence of intact functional MHC class I or MHC class II system genes, (2) that they did not discuss that an MHC subpopulation gene number alone is a very incomplete measure of MHC variance, and (3) that the MHC system is more likely to reduce speciation rates than to enhance them. Furthermore, their use of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model is a typical example of overly naïve use of that model system. In short, we conclude that their new model of MHC class I evolution, reflected in their title “Evolution of the immune system influences speciation rates in teleost fish”, is unsubstantiated, and that their “pinpointing” of the functional loss of the MHC class II system and all the important MHC class II system genes to the onset of Gadiformes is preliminary, because they did not sufficiently investigate the species at the clade border.

scholarly journals The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Old World Camels—A Synopsis

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Plasil ◽  
Wijkmark ◽  
Elbers ◽  
Oppelt ◽  
Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Old World ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mhc Class Iii ◽  
Antigen Presenting

This study brings new information on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III sub-region genes in Old World camels and integrates current knowledge of the MHC region into a comprehensive overview for Old World camels. Out of the MHC class III genes characterized, TNFA and the LY6 gene family showed high levels of conservation, characteristic for MHC class III loci in general. For comparison, an MHC class II gene TAP1, not coding for antigen presenting molecules but functionally related to MHC antigen presenting functions was studied. TAP1 had many SNPs, even higher than the MHC class I and II genes encoding antigen presenting molecules. Based on this knowledge and using new camel genomic resources, we constructed an improved genomic map of the entire MHC region of Old World camels. The MHC class III sub-region shows a standard organization similar to that of pig or cattle. The overall genomic structure of the camel MHC is more similar to pig MHC than to cattle MHC. This conclusion is supported by differences in the organization of the MHC class II sub-region, absence of functional DY genes, different organization of MIC genes in the MHC class I sub-region, and generally closer evolutionary relationships of camel and porcine MHC gene sequences analyzed so far.

scholarly journals Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II and Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression Predict Outcome After Programmed Death 1 Blockade in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 942-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha G.M. Roemer ◽  
Robert A. Redd ◽  
Fathima Zumla Cader ◽  
Christine J. Pak ◽  
Sara Abdelrahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Clinical Responses ◽  
Programmed Death 1 ◽  
Cell Expression

Purpose Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells evade antitumor immunity by multiple means, including gains of 9p24.1/ CD274(PD-L1)/ PDCD1LG2(PD-L2) and perturbed antigen presentation. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor blockade is active in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) despite reported deficiencies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on HRS cells. Herein, we assess bases of sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in patients with relapsed/refractory cHL who were treated with nivolumab (anti–PD-1) in the CheckMate 205 trial. Methods HRS cells from archival tumor biopsies were evaluated for 9p24.1 alterations by fluorescence in situ hybridization and for expression of PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the antigen presentation pathway components—β2-microglobulin, MHC class I, and MHC class II—by immunohistochemistry. These parameters were correlated with clinical responses and progression-free survival (PFS) after PD-1 blockade. Results Patients with higher-level 9p24.1 copy gain and increased PD-L1 expression on HRS cells had superior PFS. HRS cell expression of β2-microglobulin/MHC class I was not predictive for complete remission or PFS after nivolumab therapy. In contrast, HRS cell expression of MHC class II was predictive for complete remission. In patients with a > 12-month interval between myeloablative autologous stem-cell transplantation and nivolumab therapy, HRS cell expression of MHC class II was associated with prolonged PFS. Conclusion Genetically driven PD-L1 expression and MHC class II positivity on HRS cells are potential predictors of favorable outcome after PD-1 blockade. In cHL, clinical responses to nivolumab were not dependent on HRS cell expression of MHC class I.

scholarly journals Allelic diversity and patterns of selection at the major histocompatibility complex class I and II loci in a threatened shorebird, the Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Medardo Cruz-López ◽  
Guillermo Fernández ◽  
Helen Hipperson ◽  
Eduardo Palacios ◽  
John Cavitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Mhc Genes ◽  
Snowy Plover ◽  
Snowy Plovers ◽  
Private Alleles

Abstract Background Understanding the structure and variability of adaptive loci such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is a primary research goal for evolutionary and conservation genetics. Typically, classical MHC genes show high polymorphism and are under strong balancing selection, as their products trigger the adaptive immune response in vertebrates. Here, we assess the allelic diversity and patterns of selection for MHC class I and class II loci in a threatened shorebird with highly flexible mating and parental care behaviour, the Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus) across its broad geographic range. Results We determined the allelic and nucleotide diversity for MHC class I and class II genes using samples of 250 individuals from eight breeding population of Snowy Plovers. We found 40 alleles at MHC class I and six alleles at MHC class II, with individuals carrying two to seven different alleles (mean 3.70) at MHC class I and up to two alleles (mean 1.45) at MHC class II. Diversity was higher in the peptide-binding region, which suggests balancing selection. The MHC class I locus showed stronger signatures of both positive and negative selection than the MHC class II locus. Most alleles were present in more than one population. If present, private alleles generally occurred at very low frequencies in each population, except for the private alleles of MHC class I in one island population (Puerto Rico, lineage tenuirostris). Conclusion Snowy Plovers exhibited an intermediate level of diversity at the MHC, similar to that reported in other Charadriiformes. The differences found in the patterns of selection between the class I and II loci are consistent with the hypothesis that different mechanisms shape the sequence evolution of MHC class I and class II genes. The rarity of private alleles across populations is consistent with high natal and breeding dispersal and the low genetic structure previously observed at neutral genetic markers in this species.

scholarly journals Major histocompatibility complex class II compatibility, but not class I, predicts mate choice in a bird with highly developed olfaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4457-4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Strandh ◽  
Helena Westerdahl ◽  
Mikael Pontarp ◽  
Björn Canbäck ◽  
Marie-Pierre Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Allele Sharing ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
High Dependency

Mate choice for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility has been found in several taxa, although rarely in birds. MHC is a crucial component in adaptive immunity and by choosing an MHC-dissimilar partner, heterozygosity and potentially broad pathogen resistance is maximized in the offspring. The MHC genotype influences odour cues and preferences in mammals and fish and hence olfactory-based mate choice can occur. We tested whether blue petrels, Halobaena caerulea , choose partners based on MHC compatibility. This bird is long-lived, monogamous and can discriminate between individual odours using olfaction, which makes it exceptionally well suited for this analysis. We screened MHC class I and II B alleles in blue petrels using 454-pyrosequencing and quantified the phylogenetic, functional and allele-sharing similarity between individuals. Partners were functionally more dissimilar at the MHC class II B loci than expected from random mating ( p = 0.033), whereas there was no such difference at the MHC class I loci. Phylogenetic and non-sequence-based MHC allele-sharing measures detected no MHC dissimilarity between partners for either MHC class I or II B. Our study provides evidence of mate choice for MHC compatibility in a bird with a high dependency on odour cues, suggesting that MHC odour-mediated mate choice occurs in birds.

scholarly journals Regulation of major histocompatibility complex gene expression in thyroid epithelial cells by methimazole and phenylmethimazole

2009 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesidio Giuliani ◽  
Ines Bucci ◽  
Valeria Montani ◽  
Dinah S Singer ◽  
Fabrizio Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mhc Class I ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Mhc Class Ii Genes

Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I genes and aberrant expression of MHC class-II genes in thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Previous studies have shown that methimazole (MMI) reduces MHC class-I expression and inhibits interferon-γ (IFN-γ or IFNG as listed in the MGI Database)-induced expression of the MHC class-II genes in TECs. The action of MMI on the MHC class-I genes is transcriptional, but its mechanism has not been investigated previously. In the present study, we show that in Fisher rat thyroid cell line 5 cells, the ability of MMI and its novel derivative phenylmethimazole (C10) to decrease MHC class-I promoter activity is similar to TSH/cAMP suppression of MHC class-I and TSH receptor genes, and involves a 39 bp silencer containing a cAMP response element (CRE)-like site. Furthermore, we show that C10 decreases MHC class-I gene expression to a greater extent than MMI and at 10- to 50-fold lower concentrations. C10 also reduces the IFN-γ-induced increase in the expression of MHC class-I and MHC class-II genes more effectively than MMI. Finally, we show that in comparison to MMI, C10 is a better inhibitor of specific protein–DNA complexes that are formed with a CRE-like element on the MHC class-II promoter. These data support the conclusion that the immunosuppressive mechanism by which MMI and C10 inhibit MHC gene expression mimics ‘normal’ hormonal suppression by TSH/cAMP.

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