scholarly journals Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Opioid-Seeking Behaviors and Alters the Gut Microbiome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua K. Hakimian ◽  
Tien Dong ◽  
Jorge A. Barahona ◽  
Venu Lagishetty ◽  
Suchi Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Novel Model

Opioids are highly addictive substances with a relapse rate of over 90%. While preclinical models of chronic opioid exposure exist for studying opioid dependence, none recapitulate the relapses observed in human opioid addiction. The mechanisms associated with opioid dependence, the accompanying withdrawal symptoms and the relapses that are often observed months or years after opioid dependence are poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a novel model of chronic opioid exposure whereby the level of administration is self-directed with periods of behavior acquisition, maintenance and then extinction alternating with reinstatement. This profile arguably mirrors that seen in humans, with initial opioid use followed by alternating periods of abstinence and relapse. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions that reduce inflammation, including omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may reduce substance misuse liability. Using the self-directed intake model, we characterize the observed profile of opioid use and demonstrate that a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fat acids (PUFAs) ameliorates oxycodone-seeking behaviors in the absence of drug availability and reduces anxiety. Guided by the major role gut microbiota have on brain function, neuropathology, and anxiety, we profile the microbiome composition and the effects of chronic opioid exposure and DHA supplementation. We demonstrate that withdrawal of opioids led to a significant depletion in specific microbiota genera whereas DHA supplementation increased microbial richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness. Lastly, we examined the activation state of microglia in the striatum and found that DHA supplementation reduced the basal activation state of microglia. These preclinical data suggest that a diet enriched in PUFAs could be used as a treatment to alleviate anxiety induced opioid-seeking behavior and relapse in human opioid addiction.

scholarly journals Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Opioid-Seeking Behaviors and Alters the Gut Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua K. Hakimian ◽  
Tien S. Dong ◽  
Jorge A. Barahona ◽  
Venu Lagishetty ◽  
Suchi Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Opioids are highly addictive substances with a relapse rate of over 90%. While preclinical models of chronic opioid exposure exist for studying opioid dependence, none recapitulate the relapses observed in human opioid addiction. The mechanisms associated with opioid dependence, the accompanying withdrawal symptoms, and the relapses that are often observed months or years after opioid dependence are poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a novel model of chronic opioid exposure whereby the level of administration is self-directed with periods of behavior acquisition, maintenance, and then extinction alternating with reinstatement. This profile arguably mirrors that seen in humans, with initial opioid use followed by alternating periods of abstinence and relapse. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions that reduce inflammation, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), may reduce substance misuse liability. Using the self-directed intake model, we characterize the observed profile of opioid use and demonstrate that an n-3-PUFA-enriched diet ameliorates oxycodone-seeking behaviors in the absence of drug availability and reduces anxiety. Guided by the major role gut microbiota have on brain function, neuropathology, and anxiety, we profile the microbiome composition and the effects of chronic opioid exposure and n-3 PUFA supplementation. We demonstrate that the withdrawal of opioids led to a significant depletion in specific microbiota genera, whereas n-3 PUFA supplementation increased microbial richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness. Lastly, we examined the activation state of microglia in the striatum and found that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced the basal activation state of microglia. These preclinical data suggest that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs could be used as a treatment to alleviate anxiety induced opioid-seeking behavior and relapse in human opioid addiction.

scholarly journals Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates UV/endorphin and opioid addiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. eabe4577
Author(s):  
Lajos V. Kemény ◽  
Kathleen C. Robinson ◽  
Andrea L. Hermann ◽  
Deena M. Walker ◽  
Susan Regan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Genetic Mouse Models

The current opioid epidemic warrants a better understanding of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to opioid addiction. Here we report an increased prevalence of vitamin D (VitD) deficiency in patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder and an inverse and dose-dependent association of VitD levels with self-reported opioid use. We used multiple pharmacologic approaches and genetic mouse models and found that deficiencies in VitD signaling amplify exogenous opioid responses that are normalized upon restoration of VitD signaling. Similarly, physiologic endogenous opioid analgesia and reward responses triggered by ultraviolet (UV) radiation are repressed by VitD signaling, suggesting that a feedback loop exists whereby VitD deficiency produces increased UV/endorphin-seeking behavior until VitD levels are restored by cutaneous VitD synthesis. This feedback may carry the evolutionary advantage of maximizing VitD synthesis. However, unlike UV exposure, exogenous opioid use is not followed by VitD synthesis (and its opioid suppressive effects), contributing to maladaptive addictive behavior.

Nutritional intervention for ADHD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Nanda Rommelse ◽  
Verena Ly ◽  
Julia J. Rucklidge
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Sampling Procedures

This chapter discusses four dietary interventions (exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives; restrictive elimination diets/oligoantigenic diets; supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids; and supplementation with micronutrients) and their clinical relevance for ADHD. The evidence base for exclusion of artificial colours and preservatives has many gaps. Effectiveness of the elimination phase of elimination diets has been demonstrated in several randomized clinical trials and about one-third of the children with ADHD show an excellent response. Data on maintenance of effect in the longer term, however, are lacking. Supplementation of free fatty acids was associated with a small but reliable reduction of ADHD symptoms, but the clinical relevance is unclear. The trials using a broad spectrum of micronutrients show promise but suffered from small sample sizes, lack of controls, varied sampling procedures and inclusion criteria, and multiple assessment methods, and need confirmation.

scholarly journals Correction: Howe et al. “Effects of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Function in Mildly Hypertensive Older Adults” Nutrients 2018, 10, 1413

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Peter R. C. Howe ◽  
Hamish M. Evans ◽  
Julia C. Kuszewski ◽  
Rachel H. X. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Long Chain

The authors wish to make a correction to the published version of their paper [...]

scholarly journals Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children: The Role of Family-Related Social Determinants

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3455
Author(s):  
María Isabel Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Antoni Alegre-Martínez ◽  
Omar Cauli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Lean Fish ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Long Chain

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, since they are essential elements which depend on intake through diet to ensure an adequate amount. Fish and seafood are the main dietary sources of these fatty acids in Spain and in other countries. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children and adolescents attending a primary school in Valencia (Spain), and the intake of dietary omega-3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was estimated based on their fish/seafood consumption. Low frequencies of intake were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for many types of fish/seafood in children compared to adolescents. 27.5% of children/adolescents did not eat lean fish or other types (19.8% of the sample did not eat fatty fish, and 71.8% did not eat smoked fish) and 20–60% of the sample consumed seafood only once–three times a month, leading to a reduced estimated intake of EPA+DHA below that recommended for both groups by public health agencies. Social aspects, such as the type of work done by mothers and their educational levels are significant factors (p < 0.05 in both cases) affecting children’s/adolescents’ intake of DHA+EPA. Dietary interventions to increase the consumption of fish and seafood are strongly advised, and health promotion strategies should be aimed at the family level and fight against gender disparities.

Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Freemantle ◽  
Milène Vandal ◽  
Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay ◽  
Jean-Christophe Blachère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Energy Substrates

scholarly journals Diet Quality, Gut Microbiome and Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1148-1148
Author(s):  
Minoo Bagheri ◽  
Jonathan D Mosley ◽  
Jane F Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Microbiome Composition

Abstract Objectives Dietary pattern is associated with circulatory and gut metabolome variation. However, it is unclear if this association is mediated by gut microbiome composition. We investigated whether the interaction between diet quality and gut microbiome influenced circulatory and gut metabolites. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 75 healthy adults in the ABO Study. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Metabolome profiling (800 circulatory and 767 gut metabolites) was performed at Metabolon Inc. Two gut microbiome Enterotypes (1 and 2) were identified using the Partitioning Around Medoids method. Metabolite set enrichment analysis was performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to test for an interaction between the gut microbiome-HEI and metabolite levels. Results Diet quality was significantly higher in participants with Enterotype 2, compared to those with Enterotype 1 (P = 0.01). The gut microbiome-HEI interaction (Enterotype 2 and higher HEI) was directly related to omega-3/omega-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and acetyl/acyl derivatives of amino acids. It was inversely linked to polar lipids including 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPC (16:0/18:2), which demonstrated the most significant association (β = 0.008, P = 0.0009) among circulatory metabolites. Considering gut metabolome, however, the interaction directly associated with metabolites involved in DNA synthesis including thymidine 5′-monophosphate, which showed the strongest association (β = 0.041, P = 0.0007), and bile acids derivatives. It inversely associated with fatty acids and branch chain amino acids. ‘Glycine and serine metabolism’ was the only pathway that was significantly enriched by the interaction (P = 0.044). Conclusions Future research is warranted; however, these findings suggest that the efficacy of dietary interventions targeted at altering metabolism (the metabolism of lipids (PUFAs and polar lipids), amino acids and nucleotides) may be dependent on gut microbiome composition. Funding Sources The National Institutes of Health.

scholarly journals Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Brain Function and Structure in Older Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 3059-3068 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Veronica Witte ◽  
Lucia Kerti ◽  
Henrike M. Hermannstädter ◽  
Jochen B. Fiebach ◽  
Stephan J. Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Long Chain

Evaluation of the opioid addiction test in an out-patient drug dependency unit

1999 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Ghodse ◽  
J. L. Greaves ◽  
D. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Naloxone Hydrochloride ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Test Result

BackgroundThe opioid addiction test is based on the measurement of pupil dilatation in opioid-dependent people in response to conjunctivally applied naloxone hydrochloride. A positive response (pupil dilatation) indicates that the subject is dependent on opioids.AimsTo evaluate the test in an out-patient setting and to identify factors affecting its outcome.MethodPupil size was measured using binocular pupillometry in 100 new patients attending an out-patient clinic for assessment and treatment of opioid use. Measurement was repeated 40 minutes after the unilateral instillation of naloxone drops into the conjunctival sac.ResultsWe performed 127 tests, of which 103 (81.1%) were positive. Males, and those not on methadone at the time of the test, were more likely to have a negative test result.ConclusionsThe opioid addiction test proved to be a very useful tool for the rapid diagnosis of opioid dependence in the out-patient clinic. Specialist pupillometric equipment increases the number of patients correctly identified as opioid-dependent on the first visit, but is not essential.

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