Intakes of Fish and Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplements During Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Prospective Cohort Study of Norwegian Women

<b></b>OBJECTIVE <br>To investigate associations between intakes of total fish, lean fish, fatty fish, and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplements and risk of type 2 diabetes in women after pregnancy. Furthermore, to compare the estimated intakes of methylmercury (MeHg) and sum of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) to tolerable weekly intakes (TWI). <br>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS <br>Women free of diabetes at baseline (n=60,831) who participated in the population-based Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort study (MoBa) were prospectively evaluated for incident type 2 diabetes identified through medication usage more than 90 days after delivery ascertained by the Norwegian Prescription Database. Dietary intake data was obtained by a validated 255-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which assessed habitual diet during the first four to five months of pregnancy. MeHg and sum of dioxins and dl-PCBs intakes were derived using a contaminant database and the FFQ. <br>RESULTS <br>Median (IQR) age was 31 (27, 34) years at time of delivery and follow-up time was 7.5 (6.5, 8.5) years. Type 2 diabetes occurred in 683 (1.1%) participants. Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified lower risk of type 2 diabetes with increasing energy-adjusted lean fish intake per 25 g/1000 kcal (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.95, p=0.022). However, in stratified analyses, a lower risk was found only in women with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2. There were no associations between intake of total fish, fatty fish, or LCn-3PUFA supplements and type 2 diabetes. MeHg intake was low, but the sum of dioxins and dl-PCBs (pg TEQ/kg bw/wk) exceeded the TWI set by the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) for the majority of participants. <br>CONCLUSIONS <br>Intake of lean fish, but not fatty fish or LCn-3PUFA supplements, was associated with lower risk of pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes in Norwegian women who were overweight or obese. Fatty fish, which contain dioxins and dl-PCBs, did not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, but the exceedance of the EFSA TWI for dioxins and dl-PCBs is a health concern. <br>

Intakes of Fish and Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplements During Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Prospective Cohort Study of Norwegian Women

<b></b>OBJECTIVE <br>To investigate associations between intakes of total fish, lean fish, fatty fish, and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplements and risk of type 2 diabetes in women after pregnancy. Furthermore, to compare the estimated intakes of methylmercury (MeHg) and sum of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) to tolerable weekly intakes (TWI). <br>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS <br>Women free of diabetes at baseline (n=60,831) who participated in the population-based Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort study (MoBa) were prospectively evaluated for incident type 2 diabetes identified through medication usage more than 90 days after delivery ascertained by the Norwegian Prescription Database. Dietary intake data was obtained by a validated 255-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which assessed habitual diet during the first four to five months of pregnancy. MeHg and sum of dioxins and dl-PCBs intakes were derived using a contaminant database and the FFQ. <br>RESULTS <br>Median (IQR) age was 31 (27, 34) years at time of delivery and follow-up time was 7.5 (6.5, 8.5) years. Type 2 diabetes occurred in 683 (1.1%) participants. Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified lower risk of type 2 diabetes with increasing energy-adjusted lean fish intake per 25 g/1000 kcal (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.95, p=0.022). However, in stratified analyses, a lower risk was found only in women with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2. There were no associations between intake of total fish, fatty fish, or LCn-3PUFA supplements and type 2 diabetes. MeHg intake was low, but the sum of dioxins and dl-PCBs (pg TEQ/kg bw/wk) exceeded the TWI set by the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) for the majority of participants. <br>CONCLUSIONS <br>Intake of lean fish, but not fatty fish or LCn-3PUFA supplements, was associated with lower risk of pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes in Norwegian women who were overweight or obese. Fatty fish, which contain dioxins and dl-PCBs, did not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, but the exceedance of the EFSA TWI for dioxins and dl-PCBs is a health concern. <br>

Comparative assessment of amino acids composition in two types of marine fish silage

Fish silage is a brown liquefied product achieved by the action of enzymes when finely grounded whole/parts of either single or mixed fish types are subjected to acidification. This study made a comparative assessment of biochemical and nutritive properties, especially the amino acid composition in supernatant phase of formic acid silages prepared from two fish types, Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and false travely (Lactarius lactarius) representing fat fish (FF, fat content > 5%) and lean fish (LF, fat content < 5%), respectively during 35 days of fermentation (DoF). Significantly higher content of total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acids (FAA) were recorded in FFS (TAA, 41.2 ± 0.03 mg/g; FAA, 31.3 ± 0.003 mg/g) compared to LFS (TAA, 35.8 ± 0.07 mg/g; FAA, 18.26 ± 0.003 mg/g; FAA, 31.3 ± 0.003 mg/g) (p < 0.05). At the end of 35 DoF, the concentrations of amino acids such as asparagine, histidine, isoleucine, valine, cysteine, serine, lysine and arginine were significantly higher in FFS as compared to LFS. The relative amino acid composition of FFS and LFS varied in accordance with DoF and the relationship was found to be highly significant (ANOVA, p < 0.00001). High concentrations of l-amino acids such as leucine, glutamic acid and arginine were recorded in both FFS and LFS. In conclusion, the analysis suggested that a fermentation period of 25–30 days showed a significant effect on the composition of amino acids in both types of ensilage compared to other fermentation periods (p < 0.05). Considering the role of amino acids in enhancing the plant growth and proliferation, the findings of the present study are quite useful.

The nutritional profile of indonesian salmon van Java mahseer T. soro species

T. soro, in Indonesia called salmon van Java is of high economic value, and due to high demand, its culture has been intensively studied and developed. This study aimed to assess the nutritional value of wild and cultured T. soro. The fish’s proximate compositions, minerals, as well as amino and fatty acid profiles were analyzed. A t-test analysis was used to identify differences between treatments. Results showed that the fat content of wild T. soro was higher than that of cultured fish, but the protein, water, and ash contents between the two groups were not significantly different (p >0.05). T. soro was considered a lean fish with higher concentrations of PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) than MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids). The amino acid profile was dominated by lysine, phenylalanine, and allo-isoleucine. Both groups of fish were a good source of macro- (Na, K, Ca) and microminerals (Zn, Fe), except for selenium (Se). The two groups were not significantly different (p >0.05) in ω3, ω6, and PUFAs, indicating that culturing T. soro in proper ways could substitute for wild T. soro.

Moderate Consumption of Healthy Nordic Foods is Associated with Reduced Mortality in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study: a Prospective Cohort Study

BackgroundHigh adherence to healthy Nordic diets may enhance longevity. However, optimal intake levels of healthy Nordic foods are not known. Hence, in a large prospective cohort of women in Norway we examined all-cause mortality in relation to intake of five food groups that are part of a healthy Nordic diet: Nordic fruits and vegetables, fatty fish, lean fish, wholegrain products, and low-fat dairy products. MethodsA total of 87 899 women who completed a food frequency questionnaire between 1996 and 2004 were followed for mortality until the end of 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the associations between consumption of the Nordic food groups and all-cause mortality. The food groups were examined as categorical exposures, and all but wholegrain products also as continuous exposures in restricted cubic spline models.Results A total of 9 168 women died during the 20-year follow-up. Nordic fruits and vegetables, fatty fish and low-fat dairy products were not linearly associated with mortality (p < 0.05). The optimal intake levels and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with these intakes were approximately 200 grams/day of Nordic fruits and vegetables (HR 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77–0.90)), 10–20 grams/day of fatty fish (HR 0.98 (95% CI: 0.92–1.03)) and 200 grams/day of low-fat dairy products (HR 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89–0.99)) compared to no consumption. High consumption of fatty fish (≥ 70 grams/day) was associated with increased mortality. Intake of wholegrain products of >120 grams/day was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85–0.99)) compared to < 60 grams per day. Lean fish consumption was not associated with mortality. After stratification by smoking status, the observed association for Nordic fruits and vegetables was only significant in ever smokers with the optimal intake level at 250 grams/day (HR 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71-0.86)).Conclusion Moderate intake of healthy Nordic foods seems to be better than low or high intake, and high consumption either does not add any beneficial effects or can compromise longevity. Stronger inverse associations for Nordic fruits and vegetables were observed in former and current smokers.

Dietary Data in the Malmö Offspring Study–Reproducibility, Method Comparison and Validation against Objective Biomarkers

Irregular dietary intakes impairs estimations from food records. Biomarkers and method combinations can be used to improve estimates. Our aim was to examine reproducibility from two assessment methods, compare them, and validate intakes against objective biomarkers. We used the Malmö Offspring Study (55% women, 18–71 y) with data from a 4-day food record (4DFR) and a short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) to compare (1) repeated intakes (n = 180), (2) intakes from 4DFR and SFFQ (n = 1601), and (3) intakes of fatty fish, fruits and vegetables, and citrus with plasma biomarkers (n = 1433) (3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid [CMPF], β-carotene and proline betaine). We also combined 4DFR and SFFQ estimates using principal component analysis (PCA). Moderate correlations were seen between repeated intakes (4DFR median ρ = 0.41, SFFQ median ρ = 0.59) although lower for specific 4DFR-items, especially fatty/lean fish (ρ ≤ 0.08). Between-method correlations (median ρ = 0.33) were higher for intakes of overall food groups compared to specific foods. PCA scores for citrus (proline betaine ρ = 0.53) and fruits and vegetables (β-carotene: ρ = 0.39) showed the highest biomarker correlations, whereas fatty fish intake from the SFFQ per se showed the highest correlation with CMPF (ρ = 0.46). To conclude, the reproducibility of SFFQ data was superior to 4DFR data regarding irregularly consumed foods. Method combination could slightly improve fruit and vegetable estimates, whereas SFFQ data gave most valid fatty fish intake.

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children: The Role of Family-Related Social Determinants

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, since they are essential elements which depend on intake through diet to ensure an adequate amount. Fish and seafood are the main dietary sources of these fatty acids in Spain and in other countries. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children and adolescents attending a primary school in Valencia (Spain), and the intake of dietary omega-3 such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was estimated based on their fish/seafood consumption. Low frequencies of intake were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for many types of fish/seafood in children compared to adolescents. 27.5% of children/adolescents did not eat lean fish or other types (19.8% of the sample did not eat fatty fish, and 71.8% did not eat smoked fish) and 20–60% of the sample consumed seafood only once–three times a month, leading to a reduced estimated intake of EPA+DHA below that recommended for both groups by public health agencies. Social aspects, such as the type of work done by mothers and their educational levels are significant factors (p < 0.05 in both cases) affecting children’s/adolescents’ intake of DHA+EPA. Dietary interventions to increase the consumption of fish and seafood are strongly advised, and health promotion strategies should be aimed at the family level and fight against gender disparities.

The Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Lean Fish Species Is Influenced by the Fatty Acid Composition in Fish Fillets

Fillets from marine fish species contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of phospholipids (PLs). To investigate the importance of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs in mediating the anti-obesogenic effect of lean seafood, we compared the anti-obesogenic properties of fillets from cod with fillets from pangasius, a fresh water fish with a very low content of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs. We prepared high-fat/high-protein diets using chicken, cod and pangasius as the protein sources, and fed male C57BL/6J mice these diets for 12 weeks. Mice fed the diet containing cod gained less adipose tissue mass and had smaller white adipocytes than mice fed the chicken-containing diet, whereas mice fed the pangasius-containing diet were in between mice fed the chicken-containing diet and mice fed the cod-containing diet. Of note, mice fed the pangasius-containing diet exhibited reduced glucose tolerance compared to mice fed the cod-containing diet. Although the sum of marine n-3 PUFAs comprised less than 2% of the total fatty acids in the cod-containing diet, this was sufficient to significantly increase the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in mouse tissues and enhance production of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as compared with mice fed pangasius or chicken.