scholarly journals Influence of the Brewing Temperature on the Taste of Espresso

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna A. Klotz ◽  
Gertrud Winkler ◽  
Dirk W. Lachenmeier
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Triangle Test

Very hot (> 65 °C) beverages such as espresso were evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans. For this reason, research into lowering beverage temperature without compromising its quality or taste is important. For espresso, one obvious possibility consists in lowering the brewing temperature. In two sensory trials using ISO 4120:2004 triangle test methodology, brewing temperatures of 80°C vs. 128°C and 80° vs. 93°C were compared. From the tested levels, espresso brewed at the lowest temperature had the highest acceptance. However, most tasters were unable to distinguish between 80°C and 93°C. The results of these pilot experiments proof the possibility to decrease the health hazard of very hot beverages by lower brewing temperatures.

scholarly journals Influence of the Brewing Temperature on the Taste of Espresso

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna A. Klotz ◽  
Gertrud Winkler ◽  
Dirk W. Lachenmeier
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazards ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Triangle Test

Very hot (>65 °C) beverages such as espresso have been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans. For this reason, research into lowering beverage temperature without compromising its quality or taste is important. For espresso, one obvious possibility consists in lowering the brewing temperature. In two sensory trials using the ISO 4120:2004 triangle test methodology, brewing temperatures of 80 °C vs. 128 °C and 80 °C vs. 93 °C were compared. Most tasters were unable to distinguish between 80 °C and 93 °C. The results of these pilot experiments prove the possibility of decreasing the health hazards of very hot beverages by lower brewing temperatures.

Assessment of the potential health hazard of fibrous glaucophane

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Di Giuseppe ◽  
Alessandro Gualtieri ◽  
Alessandro Zoboli ◽  
Monica Filaferro ◽  
Giovanni Vitale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Franciscan Complex ◽  
Mineral Fibre ◽  
Potential Health Hazard

<p>The widespread concern on the environmental hazards and public health issues related to exposure to respirable dusts from naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) in principle should also apply to deposits of mineral fibres other than the currently regulated six asbestos minerals. Recent studies highlight that glaucophane can assume a fibrous habit resembling the regulated amphibole asbestos minerals. Glaucophane, sometimes occurring in a fibrous habit, is a major mineral component of blueschist rocks of the Franciscan Complex, USA. Recently, fibrous blueschist occurrences within the Franciscan Complex were being excavated in California for construction purposes (<em>e.g.</em>, the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project) and concern existed that the dust generated by the excavation activities might potentially expose workers and the general public to health risks. For this reason, fibrous glaucophane (Gla) was considered to represent a potential health hazard as NOA by the dam owner, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, though an evaluation of the potential health hazard of this mineral fibre was not mandatory per local state and federal regulations. To fill this gap, the potential toxicity/pathogenicity of Gla from the Franciscan Complex has been assessed using the fibre potential toxicity model (FPTI) model and specific <em>in vitro</em> toxicity tests. FPTI is an analytical tool to predict the toxicity/pathogenicity of minerals fibers, based on physical/chemical and morphological parameters that induce biochemical mechanisms responsible for <em>in vivo</em> adverse effects. This model delivers an FPTI index aimed at ranking the toxicity and pathogenicity of a mineral fibre. Compared to asbestos minerals, the FPTI of Gla is considerably higher than that of chrysotile, comparable to that of tremolite and lower than that of crocidolite. Biological responses of cultured human lung cells (THP-1 and Met-5A) following 24 and 48h of exposure to different doses of Gla (25, 50 and 100 µg/mL), have been determined by Alamar Blue viability, Extra-cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Comet assays. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been evaluated performing the luminescent ROS-Glo™ assay. Crocidolite UICC asbestos (100 µg/mL) was also tested for comparison. Results of in vitro tests showed that Gla may induce a decrease in cell viability and an increase in LDH release in tested cell cultures in a concentration dependent mode. Overall, the rank of the investigated fibres in increasing order of cytotoxicity is: Gla (25 μg/mL) < Gla (50 μg/mL) < crocidolite (50 μg/mL) < Gla (100 μg/mL). For both the cells lines, Gla was able to induce DNA damage. Moreover, it was found that Gla can induce the formation of ROS. The chemical-structural features and biological reactivity of Gla confirm that this mineral fibre is a toxic agent. Although Gla induced lower toxic effects compared to the carcinogenic crocidolite, the inhalation of its fibres may be hypothetically responsible for the development of lung diseases. For a conclusive understanding of the mechanisms of the cellular/tissues responses to fibrous glaucophane, <em>in vivo</em> animal tests should be performed and compared to our outcome to stimulate a critical evaluation and a classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).</p>

Alkylating Agents, the Road Less Traversed, Changing Anticancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipanjan Karati ◽  
Kakasaheb Ramoo Mahadik ◽  
Piyush Trivedi ◽  
Dileep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The Road ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Therapeutic Consequences ◽  
Aziridinium Ion

: Cancer is considered one of the gruelling challenges and poses a grave health hazard across the globe. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), new cancer diagnoses increased to 18.1 million in 2018, with 9.6 million deaths, bringing the global cancer rate to 23.6 million by 2030. In 1942, the discovery of nitrogen mustard as an alkylating agent was a tremendous breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy. It acts by binding to the DNA, and creating cross linkages between the two strands, leading to arrest of DNA replication and eventual cell death. Nitrogen lone pairs of ‘nitrogen mustard’ produce an intermediate 'aziridinium ion' at molecular level, which is very reactive towards DNA of tumour cells, resulting in multiple side effects with therapeutic consequences. Owing to its high reactivity and peripheral cytotoxicity, several improvements have been made with structural modifications for the past 75 years to enhance its efficacy and improve the direct transport of drugs to the tumour cells. Alkylating agents were among the first non-hormonal substances proven to be active against malignant cells and also, the most valuable cytotoxic therapies available for the treatment of leukaemia and lymphoma patients. This review focus on the versatile use of alkylating agents and the structure activity relationship (SAR) of each class of these compounds. This could provide an understanding for design and synthesis of new alkylating agents having enhanced target specificity and adequate bioavailability.

scholarly journals Developing an Open-Source, Low-Cost, Radon Monitoring System

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Alberto Alvarellos ◽  
Juan Ramón Rabuñal
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Radon Monitoring ◽  
Radon Concentrations

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have declared Radon gas a human carcinogen. Spain has several regions with high radon concentrations, Galicia (northwestern Spain) being one with the highest Radon concentration. In this work, we present the development of an open-source and low-cost radon monitoring and alert system. The system has two parts: devices and the backend. The devices integrate a Radon sensor, capable of measuring Radon levels every 10 min, and several environmental sensors capable of measuring temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and air pollution. The devices send all the information to the backend, which stores it, exposes it in a web interface, and uses the historical data to predict the radon levels for the following hours. If the radon levels are predicted to overpass the threshold in the next hour, the system issues an alert via several channels (email and MQTT) to the configured recipients for the corresponding device, allowing them to take measures to lower the Radon concentration. The results of this work indicate that the system allows the radon levels to be greatly reduced and makes the development of a low cost and open-source radon monitoring system feasible. The system scalability allows a network of sensors to be created that can help mitigate the health hazard that high radon concentrations create.

PENGETAHUAN PENGGUNAAN MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG) IBU RUMAH TANGGA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Rochimiwati ◽  
Sukmawati Sukmawati ◽  
Budiman Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Lower Intelligence ◽  
Use Of Knowledge ◽  
Health Objective ◽  
Flavor Enhancer

Background : flavor enhancing food additives are often added as a flavor enhancer known as MSG that exceed the dose . if the addition of the additive is often done to cause dependence , so it will pose a health hazard to the consumer , such as stomach disorders, allergies , hypertension , asthma , cancer , diabetes , and lower intelligence. Most housewives do not know the information would adversely affect health. Objective : This study aims to describe the level of knowledge of the use of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) housewife in backwoods village sauleya timbuseng Polongbangkeng northern districts Kab.Takalar. Methods : This is a descriptive study. samples are all housewives in the hamlet village sauleya timbuseng Polongbangkeng northern districts Kab. Takalar , who meet the criteria as much as 49 people . Data on the use MSG knowledge samples obtained by the interview method which uses a questionnaire instrument.the data presented in the from of frequency distribution graphic and narrative. Result : Results of research on the use of knowledge MSG housewives generally less category as many as 25 ( 51.0 % ) , use of MSG housewives generally can not be tolerated as many as 36 ( 73.5 % ). Conclusion : Knowledge of the use of MSG housewife classified as less and use MSG can not be tolerated.

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