2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Review of the Current Literature and Built Environment (BE) Considerations to Reduce Transmission

With the increasing spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county and city governments, universities, school districts, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE) mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information will be useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about whether to implement social- distancing measures and for what

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2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Review of the Current Literature and Built Environment (BE) Considerations to Reduce Transmission

10.20944/preprints202003.0197.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leslie Dietz ◽

Patrick F. Horve ◽

David Coil ◽

Mark Fretz ◽

Jonathan Eisen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Assisted Living ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Federal State ◽

Public Administrators ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

City Governments ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Novel Coronavirus

With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE) mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms. In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information is useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about the degree and duration of social-distancing measures during viral epidemics and pandemics.

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2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

10.20944/preprints202003.0197.v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leslie Dietz ◽

Patrick F. Horve ◽

David Coil ◽

Mark Fretz ◽

Jonathan Eisen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Assisted Living ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Federal State ◽

Public Administrators ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

City Governments ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Novel Coronavirus

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2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00245-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Leslie Dietz ◽

Patrick F. Horve ◽

David A. Coil ◽

Mark Fretz ◽

Jonathan A. Eisen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Built Environment ◽

Assisted Living ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Federal State ◽

Public Administrators ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

City Governments ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Novel Coronavirus

ABSTRACT With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county, and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE)-mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms. In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information is useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about the degree and duration of social-distancing measures during viral epidemics and pandemics.

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Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 infection

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204928 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 4168

Author(s):

Chandra Wirawan ◽

Shierly .

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Oculomotor Nerve Palsy ◽

Cns Involvement ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

Muscle Involvement ◽

System Involvement ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Brain ◽

Related Pathway

The emerge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), previously known as novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has spread throughout the world. COVID-19 is known to cause respiratory disease. However, several scientific studies have shown nervous system involvement in COVID-19 infection. The potential mechanisms of this infectious disease transmission to the brain are through infected olfactory epithelium, hematogenous spread and immune-related pathway. Nervous system involvement in COVID-19 infection can be classified as central nervous system (CNS) involvement, peripheral nervous system involvement (PNS) and muscle. CNS involvement, including headache, cerebrovascular disease, impaired consciousness, meningitis, encephalitis, dizziness and seizure. PNS manifestations, such as anosmia, ageusia or dysgeusia, oculomotor nerve palsy and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Myalgia or arthralgia is the most common presentation of muscle involvement in COVID-19 infection. This review concludes that neurological disorders as COVID-19 clinical features must be recognized by medical professionals in order to have appropriate diagnosis and treatment so that COVID-19 patients can have better prognosis.

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Space-time patterns, change, and propagation of COVID-19 risk relative to the intervention scenarios in Bangladesh

10.1101/2020.07.15.20154757 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Arif Masrur ◽

Manzhu Yu ◽

Wei Luo ◽

Ashraf Dewan

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Space Time ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Time Patterns ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Elevated Exposure

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a significant public health threat worldwide. As of mid-June 2020, COVID-19 has spread worldwide with more than 7.7 million confirmed cases and more than 400,000 deaths. The impacts are substantial particularly in developing and densely populated countries like Bangladesh with inadequate health care facilities, where COVID-19 cases are currently surging. While early detection and isolation were identified as important non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) measures for containing the disease spread, this may not be pragmatically implementable in developing countries primarily due to social and economic reasons (i.e. poor education, less public awareness, massive unemployment). To shed light on COVID-19 transmission dynamics and impacts of NPI scenarios, e.g. social distancing, this study conducted emerging pattern analysis using the space-time scan statistic at district and thana (i.e. a sub-district or 'upazila' with at least one police station) levels in Bangladesh and its capital Dhaka city, respectively. We found that the central and south eastern regions in Bangladesh are currently exhibiting a high risk of COVID-19 transmission. Dhaka megacity remains as the highest risk "active" cluster since early April. The space-time progression of COVID-19 infection, when validated against the chronicle of government press releases and newspaper reports, suggests that Bangladesh have experienced a community level transmission at the early phase (i.e., March, 2020) primarily introduced by Bangladeshi citizens returning from coronavirus-affected countries in the Europe and the Middle East. A linkage is evident between the violation of NPIs and post-incubation period emergence of new clusters with elevated exposure risk around Bangladesh. This study provides novel insights into the space-time patterns of COVID-19 transmission dynamics and recommends pragmatic NPI implementation for reducing disease transmission and minimizing impacts in a resource-scarce country with Bangladesh as a case-study example.

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Travel Connectivity and Infectious Disease Transmission Risks in Oceania

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3709854 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Maria Cadavid Restrepo ◽

Luis Furuya-Kanamori ◽

Helen Mayfield ◽

Eric J. Nilles ◽

Colleen L. Lau

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission

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The Experience of Violence Against Women Who Use Injection Drugs: An Exploratory Qualitative Study

Canadian Journal of Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/0844562120979577 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 084456212097957

Author(s):

Cynthia Kitson ◽

Patrick O’Byrne

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Study ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Homeless Women ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Infectious Disease Transmission ◽

Injection Drugs ◽

Authority Figures ◽

Canadian Context ◽

Societal Violence

Background While literature exists about persons who use injection drugs, few studies explore the experience of women who use these substances. Furthermore, even less research specifically focuses on the lives and experiences of homeless women who use injection drugs. What literature does exist, moreover, is often dated and primarily addresses concerns about infectious disease transmission among these women; and some highlight that these women have lives fraught with violence. Purpose To update this knowledge and better understand the lives of women who use injection drugs in the Canadian context. Methods We undertook an exploratory qualitative study and we engaged in semi-structured interviews with 31 homeless women who use injection drugs in downtown Ottawa, Canada. We analyzed the data using the principles of applied thematic analysis. Results Our data identified that violence pervaded the lives of our participants and that these experiences of violence could be categorized into three main areas: early and lifelong experiences of violence; violence with authority figures (e.g., police, healthcare); and societal violence toward women who use injection drugs. Conclusions We take these findings to mean that, violence toward women is rampant in Canada (not just internationally) and that healthcare workers play a role in propagating and addressing this violence.

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Addressing the COVID-19 transmission in inner Brazil by a mathematical model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90118-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

G. B. Almeida ◽

T. N. Vilches ◽

C. P. Ferreira ◽

C. M. C. B. Fortaleza

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Control Disease ◽

Set Up ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Public Health Strategies

AbstractIn 2020, the world experienced its very first pandemic of the globalized era. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of severe pneumonia and has rapidly spread through many nations, crashing health systems and leading a large number of people to death. In Brazil, the emergence of local epidemics in major metropolitan areas has always been a concern. In a vast and heterogeneous country, with regional disparities and climate diversity, several factors can modulate the dynamics of COVID-19. What should be the scenario for inner Brazil, and what can we do to control infection transmission in each of these locations? Here, a mathematical model is proposed to simulate disease transmission among individuals in several scenarios, differing by abiotic factors, social-economic factors, and effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The disease control relies on keeping all individuals’ social distancing and detecting, followed by isolating, infected ones. The model reinforces social distancing as the most efficient method to control disease transmission. Moreover, it also shows that improving the detection and isolation of infected individuals can loosen this mitigation strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of control may be different across the country, and understanding it can help set up public health strategies.

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