scholarly journals The Airborne and Gastrointestinal Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Pathways

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Santa-Coloma
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Kepler Conjecture ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
Airborne Disease

Since there is not a clear consensus about the possibility for COVID-2 to be an airborne disease, exists a controversy regarding the need to use surgical masks to prevent its spread. Here, using the Kepler conjecture for ideal packaging, the number of virions of different sizes that can be accommodated inside droplets was calculated and are proportional to the 3rd potency of the droplet/virion diameter. The differences between particles of 5 um and 100 μm are around four orders of magnitude, explaining why the airborne spread is much more difficult but still possible. There is no solid evidence yet that the airborne coronaviruses may reach enough concentration to infect, but this may be the case under certain circumstances. The WHO partially recognizes now this fact in a warning to health workers (from my point of view too late, as it was the declaration of a pandemic). Another issue is whether the virus stays infective in aerosols generated from patients. This has not been directly proved yet except with artificial aerosols, but there are no reasons why the virus cannot remain in the air and be infective if the viral charge and time of exposure are enough. We must also consider whether the virus can infect the intestine; there are some signs in this sense. Finally, and most importantly, we need to reduce interactions by using surgical masks to flatten the curve, leave the quarantine and avoid a rebound. For cultural reasons, a social distance of 2 meters (2M) is extremely hard to manage. Surgical masks do reduce the interactions in conditions of proximity and, therefore, help to “flatten the curve”. The WHO and CDC “laissez-faire” on this matter do not help and we are running out of time. Anticipated actions, such as the use of surgical masks for the general population, are critical.

scholarly journals The Airborne and Gastrointestinal Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Pathways

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Santa-Coloma
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Kepler Conjecture ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
Airborne Disease

Since there is not a clear consensus about the possibility for COVID-2 to be an airborne disease, a controversy also exists regarding the need to use surgical masks to prevent its spreading. Here, using the Kepler conjecture for ideal packaging, the number of virions of different sizes that can be accommodated inside droplets was calculated and are proportional to the 3rd potency of the droplet/virion diameter. The differences between particles of 5 um and 100 μm are around four orders of magnitude, explaining why the airborne spread is much more difficult but still possible. There is no solid evidence yet that the airborne coronaviruses may reach enough concentration to infect, but in certain circumstances, this may be true. The WHO partially recognizes now this fact in a warning to health workers (from my point of view too late as the pandemic declaration). Another issue is if the virus stays infective in aerosols generated from patients. This has not been directly probed yet except with artificial aerosols, but there are no reasons by which the virus cannot remain in the air and be infective if the viral charge and time of exposure are enough. Another issue is if the virus can infect the intestine; there are some signs in this sense. Finally, and most importantly, to flatten the curve, leave the quarantine, and avoid a rebound, we need to reduce the interactions by using surgical masks. For cultural reasons, a social distance of 2 meters (2M) is extremely hard to manage. Surgical masks do the task of reducing the interactions in conditions of proximity and, therefore, help to “flatten the curve”. The WHO and CDC “laissez-faire” in this matter does not help and we are running out of time. Anticipated actions, such as the use of surgical masks for the general population, are critical.

scholarly journals Psychotic symptoms in the general population – an evolutionary perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Kelleher ◽  
Jack A. Jenner ◽  
Mary Cannon
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Research Population

SummaryOur ideas about the intrinsically pathological nature of hallucinations and delusions are being challenged by findings from epidemiology, neuroimaging and clinical research. Population-based studies using both self-report and interview surveys show that the prevalence of psychotic symptoms is far greater than had been previously considered, prompting us to re-evaluate these psychotic symptoms and their meaning in an evolutionary context. This non-clinical phenotype may hold the key to understanding the persistence of psychosis in the population. From a neuroscientific point of view, detailed investigation of the non-clinical psychosis phenotype should provide novel leads for research into the aetiology, nosology and treatment of psychosis.

What about psychiatrists' attitude to mentally ill people?

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lauber ◽  
Marion Anthony ◽  
Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross ◽  
Wulf Rössler
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Community Psychiatry ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Closeness

AbstractObjectiveFirstly, to assess and, secondly, to compare experts' and lay attitudes towards community psychiatry and the respective social distance towards mentally ill people.MethodComparison of two representative Swiss samples, one comprising of 90 psychiatrists, the other including 786 individuals of the general population.ResultsThe psychiatrists' attitude was significantly more positive than that of the general population although both samples have a positive attitude to community psychiatry. The statement that mental health facilities devalue a residential area has revealed most agreement. Psychiatrists and the public do not differ in their social distance to mentally ill people. Among both samples, the level of social distance increases the more the situation described implies ‘social closeness’.ConclusionThe strategy to use psychiatrists as role models or opinion leaders in anti-stigma campaigns cannot be realised without accompanying actions. Psychiatrists must be aware that their attitudes do not differ from the general public and, thus, they should improve their knowledge about stigma and discrimination towards people with mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Terhadap Tindakan Malpraktik Tenaga Medis di Rumah Sakit

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Koto ◽  
Erwin Asmadi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Malpractice ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Legal Perspective

This article aims to find out the legal arrangements and liability related to malpractice acts in hospitals. The liability for criminal acts of malpractice is currently an important spotlight because the legal rules governing it are still vague. This is because the qualifications of malpractice acts are not clearly stated in the legal rules. These malpractice acts cannot be seen solely from a scientific point of view, but from a legal perspective too. Malpractice acts contain criminal and civil elements, this should be considered so that each party does not give their interpretations according to their respective knowledges. The research method used in this study is normative juridical by applying library research and conceptual approaches which will then be analyzed using Wetsen Rechtshitorische Interpretatie, grammatical interpretation, and systematic interpretation. Since the independence time until now, Indonesia has experienced three times of the Health Law enactment. The regulations related to medical malpractice in the Health Law state that, in the event that health workers are suspected of negligence in carrying out their profession, the negligence must be resolved first through mediation.

Contemporary animal advocacy in Italy

Modern Italy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niccolò Bertuzzi
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Animal Advocacy ◽  
Great Tradition ◽  
Opposition Movements

In spite of the great tradition in social movement studies, Italy completely lacks any contribution regarding animal advocacy from the point of view of political sociology. This is despite the fact that, as in the rest of Western societies, interest in the wellbeing, rights and status of non-human animals is growing. This can be seen both among the general population and in the very varied organised forms of welfare and activism. In this article, we will investigate this internal differentiation, starting from an initial stratification in welfare, protectionism and anti-speciesism, and focusing in particular on the following two aspects: ethical values; and political ‘careers’ and multi-membership affiliations. The investigation was accomplished by means of 20 semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire answered by 704 volunteers and activists. The tripartition hypothesised was confirmed, although with a few exceptions: more progressive values emerged among anti-speciesists, and conservative positions among protectionists and welfarists, but the overall spectrum is characterised by utilitarian perspectives. Similarly, previous experience in the specific field of animal advocacy is typical of the protectionist area, while anti-speciesists also come from other opposition movements.

scholarly journals Stigmatisation associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population

2020 ◽  
pp. 002076402097244
Author(s):  
Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda ◽  
Adalberto Campo-Arias ◽  
Andrés Felipe Tirado-Otálvaro ◽  
Luz Adriana Botero-Tobón ◽  
Luz Dary Upegui-Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the fear of infection increases and, with it, the stigma-discrimination, which makes it an additional problem of the epidemic. However, studies about stigma associated with coronavirus are scarce worldwide. Aims: To determine the association between stigmatisation and fear of COVID-19 in the general population of Colombia. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 1,687 adults between 18 and 76 years old ( M = 36.3; SD = 12.5), 41.1% health workers, filled out an online questionnaire on Stigma-Discrimination and the COVID-5 Fear Scale, adapted by the research team. Results: The proportion of high fear of COVID-19 was 34.1%; When comparing the affirmative answers to the questionnaire on stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19, it was found that the difference was significantly higher in the general population compared to health workers in most of the questions evaluated, which indicates a high level of stigmatisation in that group. An association between high fear of COVID-19 and stigma was evidenced in 63.6% of the questions in the questionnaire. Conclusion: Stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19 is frequent in the Colombian population and is associated with high levels of fear towards said disease, mainly people who are not health workers.

Mandatory immunization: The point of view of the French general population and practitioners

Vaccine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (43) ◽  
pp. 5484-5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nicolay ◽  
D. Lévy-Bruhl ◽  
A. Gautier ◽  
Christine Jestin ◽  
M. Jauffret-Roustide
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Point Of View

Preanalytical errors: a preliminary approach to the point of view of primary health care givers

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gómez-Salgado ◽  
Adolfo Romero ◽  
Isabel S. Caparrós ◽  
M. Carmen Barba ◽  
Margarita Reina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Organizational Capability ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Preanalytical Phase ◽  
On Line

AbstractThe presence of errors in the preanalytical phase is a widely studied topic. However, information regarding the perspective of those professionals involved is rather scant.Two focus groups of professionals from Primary Care involved in the preanalytical phase (general practitioners [GP], community nurses [CN], and other auxiliary health workers, including administrative personnel [AHW]) were convened. A qualitative analysis with a phenomenological approach was performed by using the structure of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis as a guide, and results were categorized by grouping the resultant dimensions according to this structure.Overall, 12 professionals (3 GP, 6 CN, and 3 AHW) were distributed in two groups. Age and gender distribution were similar between groups. The most commented strengths were organizational capability and teamwork. The main weakness was the workload increase (compared to the short time spent on sample collection). Opportunities were related to workload optimization through on-line analytical requests. Threats were related to the long time elapsed between sample drawing at Primary Care and delivery to the Central Laboratory.The phenomenological approach allows revealing those aspects that cannot be entirely elucidated by objective data measurement. Attitudes considered as positive can be exploited by the institution, whereas those considered as negative alert us to possible future problems. Primary Care professionals offered a different point of view to laboratory staff, but both recognized high workload as the main threat and on-line analytical request as the best opportunity. These perspectives may help to improve detection and decrease the number of errors.

scholarly journals THE PREPAREDNESS FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Muchammad Iqbal Firmansyah ◽  
Fajar Rahmanto ◽  
Deni Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Referral Hospitals ◽  
Potential Risks

Background: The increase in disaster events requires preparedness from health workers as the frontline to provide medical services in handling victims when a disaster occurs. Many of medical workers infected with COVID-19 where at least 47 nurses in Indonesia have tested positive with the number of nurses having ODP and PDP status totaling 546 people and 44 people cause additional problem in handling COVID-19.Aims: This article aims to determine the readiness of health workers in handling pandemic disasters in suppressing the potential risks due to the COVID-19 outbreak through medical services provided.Methods: The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a literature study approach. Secondary data collection techniques from previous references and public documents related to COVID-19 disaster management in Indonesia. Data analysis using NVivo12 Plus software with a query analysis approach.Results: The results showed the ratio of health workers in Indonesia for medical services in handling the COVID-19 pandemic disaster was not ideal were for doctors 0.4 and nurses 2.1 were still far behind from developed countries where the ratio of health workers was above 2.5 doctors and 5.5 for nurses. Then, infrastructure aspects in general for referral hospitals handling COVID-19 almost in every province that has supported through the distribution of medical material equipment to various regions, provinces and districts, as well as hospitals that need it in all areas of Indonesia in the form of surgical masks (1,997,684 pieces), PPE of 1,659,955 units, coupled with Rapid Test equipment of 1,011,130 units.Conclusion: The readiness of health workers in providing medical services for the handling of a pandemic disaster influenced by the number of human resources, operational standards, and facilities for health facilities.

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