POLICY PERSPECTIVES OF MITIGATION AND RECOVERY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background: The world is in the grip of an unprecedented novel COVID-19 pandemic. These have resulted in massive impacts on humans as well as on economies invariably. Hence, planning for a future pandemic is vital in minimizing deleterious effects.Aims: The current review aimed to derive common policy perspectives that are important in future planning of a pandemic.Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching published articles from PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Forty-eight articles were selected for the review.Results: The policy perspectives derived under mitigation were rearranged into surveillance, epidemiology, and lab activities. The policy perspectives under recovery derived were related to economy, supply chain management, sustainable and green concept, and health system.Conclusion: Understanding common policy perspectives is important in the mitigation and recovery planning of a pandemic with similar nature in the future. The spillover effects in response to the mitigation measures are deemed vital in planning mitigation and recovery measures for future pandemics. Global and regional resource sharing mechanisms are vital when a universal shortage of healthcare resources occurs.Keywords: mitigation, pandemic management, policy perspectives, recovery

THE PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW SALES TURNOVER COMMUNITY PHARMACIES

Background: Pharmacy managers will make various efforts to increase their income. In spite of this, pharmacies that have the same facilities can generate greatly varied incomes.Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between high sales turnover pharmacies and low sales turnover pharmacies as observed through employee motivation, organizational culture, and patient satisfaction.Methods: This study used an analytical design with a questionnaire and checklist. Consumers were selected using the purposive sampling system to assess patient satisfaction. All employees were sampled to assess work motivation and organizational culture. Data analysis was performed using descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate testing.Results: Direct observation of pharmaceutical services from the two outlets shows that there were differences in the time it takes for pharmacist to retrieve the drug, the time for providing drug information, collecting information from patients, and the type of drug information provided, as well as employee motivation, organizational culture, and patient satisfaction.Conclusion: Services at pharmacies with high sales turnover are different from pharmacies with low sales turnover. Empathy has the greatest effect on sales turnover, followed by reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and tangible dimensions. Outlets that have high sales turnover have better organizational culture and higher employee motivation when compared to outlets that have low sales turnover. Keywords: motivation, organizational culture, patient satisfaction, sales turnover

THE CORRELATION AVAILABILITY NURSES AND EQUIPMENT WITH ACUTE MISSED NURSING CARE AT HOSPITALS

Background: One of the nurse’s roles is to provide nursing care regards of patient safety, consistently and timely. The availability of nurses and equipment can be considered as a primary constraint contributing to acute missed nursing care.Aims: This study aimed to determine the correlation between the availability of nurses and equipment with incidences of acute missed nursing care in medical and surgical wards at hospitals.Methods: This study used quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. This research was conducted at six private hospitals in Malang from October 2020 to November 2020. The population in this study were selected using consecutive sampling, and the study sample consisted of 206 nurses. The acute MISSCARE Survey was used to collect data. The relationship between the availability of the number of nurses and equipment with acute missed nursing care was analyzed by applying SPSS version 26 with the Spearman test.Results: The relationship between the availability of nurses and acute missed nursing care yielded results of ρ = 0.016 (<0.05) and R = -0.168. Equipment availability and acute missed nursing care had values of ρ = 0.026 (<0.05), and R = -0.155. This shows correlation between the availability of the number of nurses and equipment with incidences of acute missed nursing care.Conclusion: The availability of the number of nurses and equipment are the reasons for the incidence of acute missed nursing care. Therefore, nursing managers are needed in managing and allocating the necessary number of nurses and equipment.Keywords: equipment, missed nursing care, nurse

HAND HYGIENE KNOWLEDGE AMONG HOSPITAL HEALTH WORKERS IN PALEMBANG DURING COVID-19 ERA

Background: Hand hygiene is the simplest practical method of preventing cross-infection. Knowledge of hand hygiene plays a vital role in determining adherence to hand hygiene. Nosocomial infection is an infection that occurs in patients in hospital.Aims: This study aims to analyze the knowledge of health workers regarding hand hygiene in Palembang hospitals during Covid-19 era.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with 300 health workers who worked in hospitals in Palembang. They are selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using online questionnaire during October 2020.Results: The majority of respondents were female (88.67%), with the majority age group 30-39 years (43.67%), the majority of respondent came from nurses (63%), work in inpatient rooms (27.33%). A total of 80.67% of respondents have received formal training related to hand hygiene. 96% used alcohol-based hand rub. About 15.33% of respondents indicated good knowledge, moderate knowledge (80.33%), and less knowledge (4.3%) regarding hand hygiene. The difference in health workers' profession was significantly related to the level of knowledge about hand hygiene (p <0.05).Conclusion: There are differences in the level of knowledge about hand hygiene in each type of health worker professionKeywords: Hand Hygiene; Knowledge; Health Workers; Online

PHYSIOTHERAPY SERVICE WITHOUT STANDARDIZED OPERATING PROCEDURES FROM PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY

Background: Treatment variations have been considered as a sign of an inappropriate healthcare service whether due to the underuse or the overuse of resources. To reduce these variations, establishing and implementing well-developed standardized operating procedures (SOPs) and evidence-based standardized clinical guidelines is required. A rehabilitation unit for children with disabilities in Makassar did not implement any SOPs or standardized clinical guidelines in their service and treatment. This conduct may have an adverse effect on physiotherapists’ professionalism.Aims: The study aimed to explore the possible impact of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) practice with no SOPs and evidence-based standardized clinical guidelines on the physiotherapists. Method: This study was a qualitative case study. The CBR unit was observed for 278-hours and the study conducted three semi-structured interviews. Three physiotherapists voluntarily participated in the study. Open, axial, and selective coding were conducted to encode the interview findings. The findings from observation encoded interview, field, and self-reflective notes were triangulated, analyzed thematically, and illustrated by the explorative model.Results: Working with no SOPs and guidelines was associated with variations in procedures by physiotherapists, irregularity in their treatment choices, liability feeling toward errors making, and Low self-confidence in their professionalism.Conclusion: Working without SOPs and guidelines was associated with psychological exertion of the physiotherapists. They showed uncertainty in their professional capabilities as a physiotherapist. It is recommended for YPAC Makassar city to develop SOPs and evidence-based standardized clinical guidelines for their organization.Keywords: children, community-based rehabilitation, disability, guidelines, standard-operating procedure

BARRIERS TO REPORTING PATIENT SAFETY INCIDENT IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS: INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: The patient safety incident reporting systems is designed to improve the health care by learning from mistakes to minimize the recurrence mistakes, however the reporting rate is low.Aims: Integrative literature review was chosen to identify and analyze the barriers of reporting patient safety incidents by Health Care Workers (HCWs) in hospital.Methods: Searching for articles in electronic database consisting of Medline, CINAHL and Scopus resulted in 11 relevant articles originating from 9 countries.Results: There are differences but similar in barriers to reporting patient safety incident among HCWs. The barriers that occur are the existence of shaming and blaming culture, lack of time to report, lack of knowledge of the reporting system, and lack of support from the management.Conclusion: Each hospital has different barriers in reporting incident and the interventions carried out must be in accordance with the existing barriers.Keywords: barrier of reporting, incident reporting, patient safety incident

ECONOMIC INSECURITY AND STRESS AS DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN DENPASAR

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has constituted concurrent public health and economic crises. An inter-correlation between economic and public health impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemic needs to be studied to improve mitigation measures.Aims: This study identified a correlation of the economic insecurity and perceived stress with adherence to recommended preventive behaviours Methods: This across-sectional analytic study was conducted to adults in the working areas of East Denpasar Primary Healthcare Center I. Respondents were selected using consecutive sampling and given a self-administered questionnaire. The research variables included demographic characteristics, economic insecurity indicators, perceived stress, and adherence to handwashing, mask-wearing, physical distancing, and limitation on the social gathering. Correlations, linear regressions, and path analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS 23.0.Results: As many as 161 respondents of which 34.2% males were involved had a mean age of 36.31 (± 7.16) years. Sex, job insecurity, income insecurity, and perceived stress were found as independent determinants in females. Female sex and job insecurity was associated with better preventive behaviours with an adjusted β value of 0.276 and 0.306, while income insecurity and perceived stress had the opposite association with a β value of -0.247 and -0.224.Conclusion: There are correlations between economic insecurity and preventive behavioural practices during COVID-19. It is suggested that public health policies against COVID-19 cover measures of economic safety nets to improve adherenceKeywords: behaviour, COVID-19, economic insecurity, perceived stress, prevention.

COMMUNICATION OF PROFESSIONAL CAREGIVERS IN ESTABLISHING INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION AT MEURAXA HOSPITAL, BANDA ACEH

Background: Interprofessional collaboration for patient care is integrated cooperation between health workers in ensuring optimally consecutive patient care. Interprofessional decisions should be made in two ways between professional caregivers.Aims: This study aimed to analyze communication between professional caregivers in establishing interprofessional collaboration at Meuraxa District General Hospital in Banda Aceh.Method: This study was qualitative research and used a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews and FGD were conducted with professional caregivers consisting of doctors in charge, nurses, pharmacists, and dietitians. All of the in-depth interviews and FGD were recorded and transcribed. Data obtained were analyzed thematically.Results: Communication between professional caregivers in establishing interprofessional collaboration at the hospital had not been well-performed. Overall, they had not optimally utilized integrated patient progress records as they focused on taking care of their patients individually. They also lacked literacy about the information in the records. Inadequate time in serving patients and the insufficient number of human resources were presumed to hamper interprofessional communication.Conclusion: Promoting interprofessional collaboration and effective communication regularly is required by the hospital management. They also need to evaluate the sufficiency of human resources, especially pharmacist positions. Besides, they can formulate supervision and evaluation systems of interprofessional communication between professional caregivers. Keywords : communication, integrated patient progress record, interprofessional collaboration, professional caregivers

HOW CRUCIAL IS THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORTING THE PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH WORKERS?

In the last semester of the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, our journal emphasizes its current issue on the life of health workers as humans. We choose to underline the working environment condition as one of the super significant predictors of health workers’ performance, leading to a stronger health system in the future.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION FOR HEALTH ADVOCACY AND INFORMED POLICY

Background: Healthcare resources are limited therefore, adequate, appropriate and timely allocation of resources are important. Decision to invest on health care program can be made from the analysis of the information obtained on the cost and consequences of the various alternative health programs, often known as economic evaluation of health interventions.Aims: This write-up emphasizes on the importance of evidence driven policy of health intervention whereby economic evaluation should be performed to indicate whether investment on health intervention would benefit the country.Methods: Literature review on economic evaluation studies conducted by the first author during her 14 years tenure as academician had been performed. Various studies which applied the cost-effectiveness analysis tools to economically evaluate health interventions and programs in Malaysia and other countries are shared.Results: The economic evaluation studies cut across different programs such as disease prevention and treatment, public health monitoring and control, and implications of health issues to the healthcare system. Many of the findings have been used for advocacy to shape the delivery of more effective health intervention programs in the country.Conclusion: The country will benefit from economic evaluation studies which could provide evidence to assist in policy making on health programs for the country.Keywords: economic evaluation, health programs, policy making