Symbiont-Mediated Cytoplasmic Incompatibility: What have we Learned in 50 Years?

Life Sciences ◽

Relative Fitness ◽

Incipient Speciation ◽

High Frequencies ◽

The Past ◽

Arthropod Species ◽

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common symbiont-induced reproductive manipulation. Specifically, symbiont-induced sperm modifications cause catastrophic mitotic defects in the fertilized embryo and ensuing lethality in crosses between symbiotic males and either aposymbiotic females or females harboring a different symbiont strain. However, if the female carries the same symbiont strain, then embryos develop properly, which imparts a relative fitness benefit to symbiont-transmitting mothers. Thus, CI drives maternally transmitted bacteria to high frequencies in arthropod species worldwide. In the past two decades, CI has experienced a boom in interest due in part to its (i) deployment in successful, worldwide efforts to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases, (ii) causation by bacteriophage genes, cifA and cifB, that modify animal reproductive processes, and (iii) important impacts on incipient speciation. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual, and quantitative themes of CI and outlines significant gaps in our understanding of CI’s mechanism that are ripe for investigation from a diversity of subdisciplines in the life sciences.

Symbiont-mediated Cytoplasmic Incompatibility:What Have We Learned in 50 years?

10.20944/preprints202008.0350.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

J. Dylan Shropshire ◽

Brittany Leigh ◽

Seth R. Bordenstein

Keyword(s):

Life Sciences ◽

Relative Fitness ◽

Incipient Speciation ◽

High Frequencies ◽

The Past ◽

Arthropod Species ◽

Symbiont-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility: what have we learned in 50 years?

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.61989 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

J Dylan Shropshire ◽

Brittany Leigh ◽

Seth R Bordenstein

Keyword(s):

Sexual Reproduction ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Relative Fitness ◽

High Frequencies ◽

The Past

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common symbiont-induced reproductive manipulation. Specifically, symbiont-induced sperm modifications cause catastrophic mitotic defects in the fertilized embryo and ensuing lethality in crosses between symbiotic males and either aposymbiotic females or females harboring a different symbiont strain. However, if the female carries the same symbiont strain, then embryos develop properly, thereby imparting a relative fitness benefit to symbiont-transmitting mothers. Thus, CI drives maternally-transmitted bacteria to high frequencies in arthropods worldwide. In the past two decades, CI experienced a boom in interest due to its (i) deployment in worldwide efforts to curb mosquito-borne diseases, (ii) causation by bacteriophage genes, cifA and cifB, that modify sexual reproduction, and (iii) important impacts on arthropod speciation. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual, and quantitative themes of CI and outlines significant gaps in understanding CI’s mechanism that are ripe for investigation from diverse subdisciplines in the life sciences.

Paternal Grandmother Age Affects the Strength of Wolbachia-Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.01879-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Emily M. Layton ◽

Jungmin On ◽

Jessamyn I. Perlmutter ◽

Seth R. Bordenstein ◽

J. Dylan Shropshire

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Genetic Model ◽

Relative Fitness ◽

Content Type ◽

Adult Sons ◽

Fitness Advantage ◽

Arthropod Species ◽

Obligate Intracellular Bacteria ◽

Methodological Advance

ABSTRACT Wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria that are globally distributed in half of all arthropod species. As the most abundant maternally inherited microbe in animals, Wolbachia manipulate host reproduction via reproductive parasitism strategies, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI manifests as embryonic death when Wolbachia-modified sperm fertilize uninfected eggs but not maternally infected eggs. Thus, CI can provide a relative fitness advantage to Wolbachia-infected females and drive the infection through a population. In the genetic model Drosophila melanogaster, the Wolbachia strain wMel induces variable CI, making mechanistic studies in D. melanogaster cumbersome. Here, we demonstrate that sons of older paternal D. melanogaster grandmothers induce stronger CI than sons of younger paternal grandmothers, and we term this relationship the “paternal grandmother age effect” (PGAE). Moreover, the embryos and adult sons of older D. melanogaster grandmothers have higher Wolbachia densities, correlating with their ability to induce stronger CI. In addition, we report that Wolbachia density positively correlates with female age and decreases after mating, suggesting that females transmit Wolbachia loads that are proportional to their own titers. These findings reveal a transgenerational impact of age on wMel-induced CI, elucidate Wolbachia density dynamics in D. melanogaster, and provide a methodological advance to studies aimed at understanding wMel-induced CI in the D. melanogaster model. IMPORTANCE Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) results in a postfertilization incompatibility between Wolbachia-infected males and uninfected females. CI contributes to reproductive isolation between closely related species and is used in worldwide vector control programs to drastically lower arboviral vector population sizes or to replace populations that transmit arboviruses with those resistant to transmission. Despite decades of research on the factors that influence CI, penetrance is often variable under controlled laboratory conditions in various arthropods, suggesting that additional variables influence CI strength. Here, we demonstrate that paternal D. melanogaster grandmother age influences the strength of CI induced by their sons. Older D. melanogaster females have higher Wolbachia densities and produce offspring with higher Wolbachia densities that associate with stronger CI. This work reveals a multigenerational impact of age on CI and expands our understanding of host-Wolbachia interactions and the biology of CI induced by the Wolbachia strain infecting the most widely used arthropod model, D. melanogaster.

LBE for Generalized Hydrodynamics

10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0025 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sauro Succi

Keyword(s):

Potential Energy ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Soft Matter ◽

Fluid Motion ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

The Past ◽

Generalized Hydrodynamics ◽

Internal Forces

This chapter presents the main techniques to incorporate the effects of external and/or internal forces within the LB formalism. This is a very important task, for it permits us to access a wide body of generalized hydrodynamic applications whereby fluid motion couples to a variety of additional physical aspects, such as gravitational and electric fields, potential energy interactions, chemical reactions and many others. It should be emphasized that while hosting a broader and richer phenomenology than “plain” hydrodynamics, generalized hydrodynamics still fits the hydrodynamic picture of weak departure from suitably generalized local equilibria. This class is all but an academic curiosity; for instance, it is central to the fast-growing science of Soft Matter, a scientific discipline which has received an impressive boost in the past decades, under the drive of micro- and nanotechnological developments and major strides in biology and life sciences at large.

The first 10 years of the international coordination network for standards in systems and synthetic biology (COMBINE)

Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics ◽

10.1515/jib-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2-3) ◽

Author(s):

Dagmar Waltemath ◽

Martin Golebiewski ◽

Michael L Blinov ◽

Padraig Gleeson ◽

Henning Hermjakob ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Biology ◽

Data Model ◽

Computational Models ◽

Life Sciences ◽

The Past ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Stakeholder Workshop ◽

Software Engineers ◽

Future Work ◽

Modeling In Biology

AbstractThis paper presents a report on outcomes of the 10th Computational Modeling in Biology Network (COMBINE) meeting that was held in Heidelberg, Germany, in July of 2019. The annual event brings together researchers, biocurators and software engineers to present recent results and discuss future work in the area of standards for systems and synthetic biology. The COMBINE initiative coordinates the development of various community standards and formats for computational models in the life sciences. Over the past 10 years, COMBINE has brought together standard communities that have further developed and harmonized their standards for better interoperability of models and data. COMBINE 2019 was co-located with a stakeholder workshop of the European EU-STANDS4PM initiative that aims at harmonized data and model standardization for in silico models in the field of personalized medicine, as well as with the FAIRDOM PALs meeting to discuss findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) data sharing. This report briefly describes the work discussed in invited and contributed talks as well as during breakout sessions. It also highlights recent advancements in data, model, and annotation standardization efforts. Finally, this report concludes with some challenges and opportunities that this community will face during the next 10 years.

Monotreme and marsupial reproduction

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd9951003 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 1003 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

MB Renfree

Keyword(s):

Turn Of The Century ◽

Future Generations ◽

Future Research ◽

The Past ◽

Marsupials were regarded as curiosities by their early European discoverers, animals to be wondered at. Monotremes were even more surprising; the platypus was such an amalgam of characters that it was thought to be a hoax. They were recognized very early as mammals that could make a major contribution to our understanding of reproductive processes, and work on marsupials at the turn of the century was much in evidence. It is, however, only in the past two decades, and especially in the past few years that marsupial research has regained this position. There is no doubt that future research will strengthen this contribution, but we are faced with serious conservation questions that must be solved if we are to maintain these wonderful animals as a resource for future generations.

Editorial

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927603030411 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 95-95

Author(s):

Charles E. Lyman

Keyword(s):

Impact Factor ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Editorial Board Member ◽

Initial Letter ◽

Strong Impact ◽

National Library ◽

The Past ◽

Number Of Citations

Microscopy and Microanalysis has made significant strides forward over the past year, and I would like to comment on two of these. First, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) ranked this journal third among the nine microscopy journals it indexes. The ranking was in terms of ISI's Impact Factor, which tracks the number of citations to papers published in the journal. A strong Impact Factor indicates that information in the journal is of interest to other workers in the field. Second, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has selected Microscopy and Microanalysis to be indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), beginning with the first issue of 2003. As any biologist will tell you, this listing is essential for the electronic visibility of papers in the fast-moving world of life sciences research. I thank Editorial Board member Dave Piston for his efforts in writing the initial letter of application to the NLM.

The rise and fall of machine learning methods in biomedical research

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.13016.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hashem Koohy

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Biomedical Research ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Biological Data ◽

Research Note ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Learning Methods ◽

The Past ◽

Machine Learning Methods ◽

Learning Techniques

In the era of explosion in biological data, machine learning techniques are becoming more popular in life sciences, including biology and medicine. This research note examines the rise and fall of the most commonly used machine learning techniques in life sciences over the past three decades.

Spectra of Southern Radio Sources

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900016077 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 74 ◽

pp. 85-97 ◽

Author(s):

J. G. Bolton

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

Galactic Plane ◽

Complete Sample ◽

High Frequencies ◽

The Past ◽

Average Accuracy ◽

Sky Survey ◽

Two Factors ◽

Optical Identifications ◽

One Year

Surveys of the sky between declinations +25° and −90° at 2700 MHz (11 cm) have been in progress for the past 10 years. Excluding some regions close to the galactic plane the whole sky south of +25° has been surveyed to a flux density limit of 0.6 Jy at 2700 MHz and within this area surveys to limits of 0.35, 0.25 or 0.1 Jy have been made covering 3.5 sr. Flux densities have been measured at 5000 MHz for all sources stronger than 0.35 Jy at 2700 MHz. The source positions have an average accuracy of 10″ arc in both coordinates and the positions have been examined for optical identifications on Palomar, ESO or SRC sky survey plates, which now cover 95% of the area. The first part of this paper concerns the relationships between the spectral indices α(2700 to 5000 MHz) and the identifications of the 2300 sources with galactic latitudes greater than 10°. It is a statistically significant sample, since the sources stronger than 0.35 Jy cover 3.5 sr. It is also a representative sample, since no selection was made on the basis of spectral index or identification. It cannot however be claimed as a complete sample, for two reasons. A substantial fraction of sources found in radio surveys at high frequencies are variable - variations of up to a factor of three can occur on a time scale of a year - thus the various sections of the survey are complete only for the relevant epoch. Many of their optical counterparts are also variables - variations of up to a factor of 100 can occur on a time scale of one year. It is hoped to make some assessment of the effect of these two factors in the next two years, when second-epoch Parkes surveys will begin and SRC Schmidt plates will overlap the Palomar Sky Survey.

WHEAT GERM OIL AND REPRODUCTION A REVIEW

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.056s005 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 56 (2_Suppla) ◽

pp. S5-S15 ◽

Author(s):

W. Richard Dukelow

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Research Data ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Wheat Germ Oil ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Past ◽

ABSTRACT Wheat germ oil is a biochemical complex containing many substances. Many of these are unidentified at the present time. In the past, confusion has existed due to the assumed equivalence of wheat germ oil and vitamin E and this has resulted, in several instances, of misinterpretation of research data. With recent discoveries of beneficial effects of wheat germ oil on reproductive processes in humans, cattle, sheep and laboratory animals, as well as the physiological effects on oxygen uptake and endurance of both wheat germ oil and octacosanol, it appears that a reevaluation of these natural products would be in order.